The relationship between modern meteorological elements and the southern border of the Tengger Desert

The modern southern border of the Tengger Desert protrudes southward at the east and west ends and recedes northward in the central part. However, no satisfactory explanation can be given for the shape of this border according to geomorphological elements. From the west to the east of the south of the Tengger Desert, there is a gradual change in precipitation, humidity, temperature, and mean wind speed, which differs from the abrupt modeled change in the desert’s southern border distribution. The indication is that these meteorological elements are not the main factors controlling the migration of the southern border of the Tengger Desert. The extreme and maximum wind speeds at the east and west ends of the Tengger Desert are stronger than those of the central part. Consequently, the sand dunes at both ends move faster than those of the central part, causing the southern border of the Tengger Desert to protrude southward at both ends and recede northward in the central part. As a result, winds occurring in winter and spring, especially the strong northwest winds in spring, are the main controlling factor for the migration of the southern border of the Tengger Desert.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠沙丘沙和大气降尘粒度分异特征

基于粒度特征区分风尘序列中沙尘暴降尘和流动沙丘沙组分对探究环境演变、重建风尘活动强度有重要意义。以塔克拉玛干沙漠中部流动沙丘沙和沙漠南缘策勒绿洲现代大气降尘为研究对象,分析其粒度差异,并与中国其他地区沙丘沙进行对比。结果表明：（1）塔干沙漠沙漠沙丘沙粒度分布曲线以单峰分布为主,策勒绿洲尘暴降尘呈双峰分布;（2）塔干沙漠沙丘沙和降尘均呈分选较好、近对称分布和中等峰态,但沙丘沙粒径粗;（3）不同区域沙丘沙的相同粒径组分相对含量和粒度特征具有相似性。尽管沙丘沙和大气降尘均有较好的分选性,但风场强度的差异导致它们的粒径分布范围、偏态和峰度不同。研究结果可为沙漠边缘区域地层中的风成组分判别提供依据。     

甘肃河西黑风成因及预报

在总结甘肃河西地区黑风天气研究的基础上，从实际应用出发，分析了该地区黑风天气的形成原因，制作了一套黑风短时预报和临近订正方法。用该套方法对７０年代以来有影响的９次黑风个例进行了试报，效果较好。且该套预报具有推理简单、实用性强、准确率高，便于推广使用的特点。     

基于FY-4A卫星遥感数据分析2021年3次沙尘暴特征

FY 4A上搭载的多通道扫描成像辐射计（AGRI）无论是时间分辨率还是空间分辨率与我国第一代静止气象卫星风云二号上搭载的扫描辐射计（VISSR）相比都有了明显的改进。本文基于FY 4A AGRI成像仪IDDI(红外差值沙尘指数)和新的昼夜沙尘遥感改进算法开展2021年中国北方沙尘过程连续遥感监测处理，并系统分析了2021年3个典型个例的沙尘暴特征和影响区域。结果表明：① 3次典型沙尘过程对我国北方各省份的影响面积总计最低达到260万km2以上，最高达到300万km2以上，4月14—17日的沙尘暴影响面积最大。②2021年沙尘高发区在新疆南部、甘肃河西走廊以北以及内蒙古西部。与2019、2020年同期相比，2021年我国北方沙尘发生频次更高、影响范围更大。③新一代FY 4A静止卫星对我国沙尘过程年际变化具备更加完整的监测能力。     

河西走廊一次特强沙尘暴的热力动力特征分析

使用NCEP再分析资料、高空和地面观测资料对2010年4月24日发生在河西走廊的一次特强沙尘暴天气进行了热力和动力作用诊断分析。结果表明:沙尘暴发生前,感热通量达最大值,湍流运动增强,增加了大气的不稳定性;大风沙尘暴发展和强盛期与动量通量大值区对应,动量通量对沙尘向上输送起了重要作用;在强锋区附近,地转关系被破坏,大风沙尘暴大气主要出现在变压梯度大,即变压风大的区域,变压风是产生地面强风的主要成分;河西走廊这次沙尘暴过程有明显锋生活动,锋生过程使锋面次级环流加强;水平螺旋度负值中心值越大,近地面层风速越大,大风沙尘暴天气主要出现在水平螺旋度负值中心前方与零值线之间;在河西走廊上空,高空急流沿等熵面穿越等位势高度面下滑到2000gpm,形成偏西风低空急流,低空急流的形成和维持在大风沙尘暴过程中起到关健作用。     

气候变暖对河西走廊棉花生长的影响

Based on the 1983-2002 cotton biological records and surface meteorological observations at Dunhuang agrometeolorogical station, impact of climate warming on cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) in the Hexi oases in the arid Northwest China was studied. Results show that the growing season of cotton moved up in spring while postponed in autumn due to the climate warming from 1983 to 2002, thus prolonging the growing period of cotton in the Hexi Corridor area, which contributed to the increase in cotton's yield in the Hexi oases.     

一次雷暴大风引发的强沙尘暴天气的中尺度系统分析

使用探空、地面和张掖多普勒天气雷达观测资料对2013年7月30日发生在河西走廊的一次强沙尘暴天气进行了分析。结果表明：这次雷暴大风沙尘天气是对流层低层冷平流作用下,不稳定能量释放形成的β、γ中尺度对流系统造成的,雷暴下击暴流的辐散流和密度流是引发地面强风和沙尘暴的直接因素。高层干、中层相对湿和低层干的层结,易产生雷暴大风天气。1 h正变压和负变温演变能很好地反映雷暴下击暴流形成的雷暴高压和冷池的强弱变化,同时也反映了下击暴流的辐散气流和冷池密度流造成的地面大风及沙尘天气的变化。     

Vulnerability of and risk to water resources in arid and semi-arid regions of West China under a scenario of climate change

This paper quantifies the vulnerability of and risk to water resources (VRWR) under a scenario of climate change in the arid and semi-arid region of West China. A new approach integrating hazard, sensitivity, resilience, exposure and risk is developed to assess the VRWR from climate change. Drought is regarded as the key hazard, with its frequency and severity defined using a surface humidity index. Exposure is quantitatively linked with indicators of population and social and economic characteristics using statistical and Geographical Information System (GIS) methodologies. Risk is defined as the product of hazard, exposure and vulnerability, while vulnerability is treated as a function of sensitivity and adaptation. Vulnerability and risk in the water resources system in the coming 20 years are assessed for the RCP 4.5 scenario. The results reveal that both hazard and exposure of water resources display strong spatial variation in the study area. High hazard and exposure are found in the northern Tianshan Mountain as well as the eastern part of Hexi Corridor. Water resources are particularly sensitive to variation in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration in the upstream areas of Hexi Corridor, rivers in Central Asia, headwater streams of Tarim River and most of Chang Tang Plateau. Our assessment shows that there is high vulnerability of and risk to water resources in the study area, especially in the areas of Hexi Corridor, northern Tianshan Mountain and Tarim River. Under the RCP 4.5 climate change scenario, the vulnerability and risk decline over the entire area but remain at a serious level in inland rivers in Hexi Corridor, northern Tianshan Mountain and headwater streams of Tarim River. Thus, these areas are the highest priority for strengthening policy measures to adapt to climate change and reduce exposure and vulnerability and their risk to water resources.     

Activity of Wind-Blown Sand and the Formation of Feathered Sand Ridges in the Kumtagh Desert,China

We study the activity of wind-blown sand and its effects on the evolution of feathered sand ridges in the Kumtagh Desert, China, and attempt to reveal the formation process of feathered sand ridges using wind-tunnel experiments, remote sensing data, and detailed field observations from 2005 to 2008. The prevailing wind direction in the Kumtagh Desert is easterly in winter and north-easterly in other seasons. The average annual wind speed is 5.9 ms⁻¹, and winds sufficiently strong to entrain sand occur on 143 days per annum. The sand transport rate within 0.4 m of the ground is strongly influenced by local landforms, and is related to wind speed by a power function. Wind erosion occurs on the crest, the windward slope of crescent sand ridges and inter-ridge sand strips, where the blowing sand cloud is in an unsaturated state; in contrast, sand accumulation occurs on the leeward slope of the crescent sand ridges, where the blowing sand cloud is in an over-saturated state. These results indicate that the development of feathered sand ridges in the Kumtagh Desert is mainly controlled by the local wind regime. The dominant winds (from the north, north-north-east and north-east) and additional winds (from the east-north-east, east and east-south-east) determine the development of crescent sand ridges, but winds that are approximately parallel to sand ridges form the secondary inter-ridge sand strips.     

基于Grimm180粒子仪对塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘暴的定量观测

为了得到沙尘粒子和沙尘质量浓度的实时定量特征,利用Grimm180粒子仪在塔克拉玛干沙漠对沙尘暴进行了实时观测。通过分析Grimm180粒子仪在2018年5月20日和24日两次沙尘暴过程观测的数据得到:在浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴期间,PM_2.5的质量浓度值随时间变化不大,一般PM_2.5浓度值<1500μg·m^-3,而PM₁₀在不同阶段的变化比较明显,数值在2000~6000μg·m^-3。沙尘粒子谱和沙尘质量浓度谱的分布形状在浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴基本相同,当粒子直径>0.35μm时,粒子数浓度随直径的增大近似符合M-P分布。从浮尘到扬沙再到沙尘暴,小粒子区(D≤1μm)的占比越来越小,而中粒子区(1μm10μm)的粒子数越来越多并且占比越来越大。当粒子直径为0.35μm左右时,粒子数浓度达到最大值;当粒子直径在25~32μm时,沙尘质量浓度的值最大。在浮尘和扬沙阶段,PM_2.5/PM₁₀>25%;每分钟1 L体积内的沙尘粒子总数大约是4×10⁵,最大沙尘质量浓度<20μg·L^-1。在沙尘暴阶段,PM_2.5/PM₁₀<15%;每分钟1 L体积内的沙尘粒子总数>5×10⁵,最大沙尘质量浓度>25μg·L^-1。这些结论为准确地分析沙尘暴的定量特征提供了科学依据。     

2006年夏季塔中一次沙尘暴发生期问近地层气象特征个例分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站的两种前向散射能见度仪(CJY-1C和FD12)2009年6月14日-8月5日的探测数据和人工目测数据对各种天气下的能见度变化进行了对比分析.结果表明,FD12和CJY-1C型能见度仪数据有很好的一致性.在能见度较低时,FD12型能见度数据与平均值偏离程度最小,测量更加稳定.FD12型能见度仪数据更接近于目测能见度数据.对于两种能见度仪,两者在扬沙天气的相关性最好,浮尘天气下的相关性较好,沙尘暴天气次之,典型晴天下的相关性最小,可在监测浮尘和扬沙天气时互相替代使用.     

Observed particle sizes and fluxes of Aeolian sediment in the near surface layer during sand-dust storms in the Taklamakan Desert

Monitoring, modeling and predicting the formation and movement of dust storms across the global deserts has drawn great attention in recent decades. Nevertheless, the scarcity of real-time observations of the wind-driven emission, transport and deposition of dusts has severely impeded progress in this area. In this study, we report an observational analysis of sand-dust storm samples collected at seven vertical levels from an 80-m-high flux tower located in the hinterland of the great Taklamakan Desert for ten sand-dust storm events that occurred during 2008–2010. We analyzed the vertical distribution of sandstorm particle grain sizes and horizontal sand-dust sediment fluxes from the near surface up to 80 m high in this extremely harsh but highly representative environment. The results showed that the average sandstorm grain size was in the range of 70 to 85 μm. With the natural presence of sand dunes and valleys, the horizontal dust flux appeared to increase with height within the lower surface layer, but was almost invariant above 32 m. The average flux values varied within the range of 8 to 14 kg m^?2 and the vertical distribution was dominated by the wind speed in the boundary layer. The dominant dust particle size was PM₁₀₀ and below, which on average accounted for 60–80 % of the samples collected, with 0.9–2.5 % for PM_0–2.5, 3.5–7.0 % for PM_0–10, 5.0–14.0 % for PM_0–20 and 20.0–40.0 % for PM_0–50. The observations suggested that on average the sand-dust vertical flux potential is about 0.29 kg m^?2 from the top of the 80 m tower to the upper planetary boundary layer and free atmosphere through the transport of particles smaller than PM₂₀. Some of our results differed from previous measurements from other desert surfaces and laboratory wind-dust experiments, and therefore provide valuable observations to support further improvement of modeling of sandstorms across different natural environmental conditions.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地两种能见度仪测量结果的对比分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站的两种前向散射能见度仪(CJY-1C和FD12)2009年6月14日—8月5日的探测数据和人工目测数据对各种天气下的能见度变化进行了对比分析。结果表明,FD12和CJY-1C型能见度仪数据有很好的一致性。在能见度较低时,FD12型能见度数据与平均值偏离程度最小,测量更加稳定。FD12型能见度仪数据更接近于目测能见度数据。对于两种能见度仪,两者在扬沙天气的相关性最好,浮尘天气下的相关性较好,沙尘暴天气次之,典型晴天下的相关性最小,可在监测浮尘和扬沙天气时互相替代使用。     

Analysis of the Surface Energy Closure for a Site in the Gobi Desert in Northwest China

The heat storage terms over an ideal(non-vegetated) horizontal desert surface may be very important and easily neglected in surface energy balance studies.In this paper,based on a field experiment over the Gobi Desert in the middle part of the Hexi Corridor in Northwest China(39 05 N,100 16 E;1457-m elevation),we studied the energy budget closure and evaluated the contribution of the heat storage terms to the closure of the surface energy balance.There were imbalances of 8% and 15% in summer and winter,respectively,if the heat storage terms were not taken into account.For both seasons,a nearly perfect result of the surface energy closure(99%) was obtained by inclusion of the estimates of heat storage terms.The soil heat storage term improved the surface energy imbalance by about 6% in summer and 13% in winter,and the air enthalpy storage term improved it by about 0.6% in summer and 1% in winter,while the contribution of the atmospheric moisture changes could be ignored.     

一次左移反气旋超级单体的观测分析

2006年8月10日在甘肃河西走廊山丹县境内发生了一次左移（反气旋）超级单体灾害性天气,在其2 h生命史期间,山丹县境内降了最大直径2 cm的冰雹。从其发生、发展的天气尺度环境条件、多普勒天气雷达反射率因子、径向速度以及风矢端图、相对风暴螺旋度等角度,揭示了左移超级单体的特征,并利用ID方法对这次左移超级单体的移动路径进行了预报。结果表明：风矢端图上,在1.2~4.5 km高度层,左移超级单体的垂直风切变矢量呈反时针旋转;左移超级单体在发展阶段,0~3 km内相对风暴螺旋度为负值;通过比较,ID方法预报的超级单体位置比现行PUP产品中的SCIT算法绝对误差要小。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近地层春季铅直湍流的小波分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近地层10m高度处快速响应探测系统的湍流资料,对春季晴天和沙尘暴天气下不同稳定层结的铅直湍流脉动进行小波变化及其方差分析,以期了解铅直湍流的尺度结构特征。结果表明,不稳定层结条件下,春季晴天近地层的铅直湍流脉动以12—17S的周期为主,最小周期为1-1．5s;春季沙尘暴时最主要的周期则为6-10s,最小周期为0．4—0．6s。沙尘暴时不稳定层结的湍流尺度总体上小于晴天,较小尺度波动振荡更加明显,湍流运动比晴天更加频繁。稳定层结条件下,春季晴天以10—16S的周期振荡为主,最小周期为1．3-1．8s;春季沙尘暴则以11—20s的周期振荡为主,最小周期为0．5—0．8s。晴天稳定层结时的铅直脉动比沙尘暴时周期小,小周期的湍流运动更明显一些,但周期更小的波动在沙尘暴天气时则多一些。     

河西走廊中部一次暴雨过程的天气学诊断

2012年7月29日13时至30日03时河西走廊中部遭遇暴雨袭击,利用常规高空和地面资料、区域加密雨量站资料、FY-2静止卫星云图以及6 h一次1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料,对此次暴雨发生前后的天气环流背景及影响系统、物理量特征和卫星云图以及中尺度系统的发生发展进行了天气学综合诊断分析。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在非常有利的大尺度天气背景下,高、低层均为"东高西低"的流场配置,影响的环流系统是巴尔喀什湖冷槽,暴雨发生时高层辐散、低层辐合,形成了强烈的抽吸作用;对流层内出现强烈的上升运动,中低层流场的配置有利于水汽的输送和汇聚;500 hPa垂直螺旋度的分布与天气系统和强降水有很好的对应关系,700 hPa柴达木暖性低涡及地面中尺度系统为不稳定能量的储存和暴雨提供了动力条件,从兰州至河西的强暖湿平流的发展为暴雨提供了热力条件;暴雨发生期间有多个中尺度对流云团在该区域上空活动,表明暴雨过程中存在明显的中小尺度系统。     

河西走廊夏季强沙尘暴数值模拟试验

影响我国的沙尘暴灾害性天气多发生在春季,很少在夏季发生。文章利用我国科学家自主研发的GRAPES-DAM沙尘气溶胶模式对2005年7月一次罕见的影响河西走廊地区的群发性强沙尘暴进行了数值模拟,对夏季小概率强沙尘暴灾害天气的可预报性进行了个例研究。试验结果表明:模式对此次过程的地面大风、沙尘暴的范围、移动等均能做出较好的模拟;对于夏季群发性强沙尘暴过程,基于数值预报方法的沙尘气溶胶模式在天气模式预报准确的条件下,可以对这种小概率事件做出有应用意义的预报结果。     

河西走廊大风持续时间的气候特征

分析了河西走廊1980~2010年一日大风持续时间的气候特征。结果表明:河西走廊一日大风平均和最长持续时间的空间分布特征与大风日数基本一致,总体上自东向西、自南向北增多,且随海拔高度的升高而增多。全区年大风平均持续时间在7~207 min之间,平均为65 min。大风一日最长持续时间是1 390 min。酒泉市大部、永昌、民勤和乌鞘岭年大风平均和最长持续时间偏长,其余地方偏短。各季大风平均和最长持续时间,春季最长、冬季次长、夏季最短、秋季次短。年一日大风持续时间的频率为偏态分布,在0~2 h的累积频率为0.67。风速偏小站大风的持续时间基本为0~12 h,风速偏大站大风的持续时间在12~24 h,这说明风速越大,大风的持续时间越长。     

西北地区MODIS气溶胶产品的对比应用分析

利用气溶胶自动监测网（AERONET）的太阳光度计（CE-318）资料,对2003-2010年西北干旱半干旱区MODIS暗像元算法和深蓝算法2种气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品进行对比验证,在此基础上进一步研究了该区域AOD的空间分布特征及变化趋势。结果表明,MODIS暗像元算法AOD产品在半干旱区原生植被覆盖地表精度优于深蓝算法,而西北干旱区荒漠地表深蓝算法产品精度较高。Aqua—MODIS深蓝算法AOD产品能够较好地给出我国西北荒漠亮地表地区AOD的分布及季节变化情况,AOD高值区多分布在沙尘源区,且春季AOD最大。2003～2010年,塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地和柴达木盆地年均AOD分别在0．5、0．4和0．3附近波动;沙尘区各区域年均AOD大多呈现增加趋势。其中,塔里木盆地AOD增加趋势较大,而内蒙古西部和准噶尔盆地呈现微弱减少趋势。