层状结构冰球的高速撞击特性实验

为研究冰雹在不同撞击速度下的破碎特性及致损能力,通过空气炮加载技术,开展了单一性状冰球和层状结构冰球高速撞击刚性靶实验,利用测力杆记录了两种类型冰球在不同撞击速度下的撞击力时程曲线,并结合高速摄影技术研究了两类冰球的高速撞击破碎特性。实验结果表明:两类冰球高速撞击刚性靶的宏观破碎特性相似,在碰撞初始阶段冰球已完全破碎,形成微颗粒团簇体,反向溅射角呈随撞击动能增大而增大的趋势;与单一性状冰球撞击力曲线相比,层状结构冰球撞击力曲线中出现二次上升信号,推测是由于破碎界面在层间界面发生偏折,小球未完全破碎再次撞击测力杆所导致;高速撞击下层状结构冰球的撞击力高于单一性状冰球,推测是由于层间结构的存在延缓了冰球的破碎进程,提升了其在冲击方向传递动量的能力,进而产生了更高的撞击力。研究结果有助于深化对冰雹在高速撞击下的破坏力学行为的认识,同时可为飞行器结构防护、冰雹撞击安全设计研究等提供参考。     

考虑曲率纵向变形效应的大变形柔性梁刚柔耦合动力学建模与仿真

对在平面内做大范围转动的中心刚体柔性梁系统的动力学进行了研究,建立了考虑大变形效应的系统刚柔耦合动力学模型,并进行了动力学仿真.该动力学模型不但考虑了柔性梁横向弯曲变形和纵向变形(包含轴向拉伸变形和横向弯曲变形而引起的纵向缩短项),还考虑了纵向变形对曲率的影响,称为曲率纵向变形效应.在以往的研究中,柔性梁的横向弯曲变形能往往直接使用柔性梁横向弯曲变形来表达,并没有考虑纵向变形的影响.为了考虑柔性梁纵向变形对横向弯曲变形能的影响,在浮动坐标系下使用柔性梁参数方程形式的精确曲率公式来计算柔性梁的弯曲变形能.在此基础上建立了基于浮动坐标系的考虑曲率纵向变形效应的刚耦合动力学模型.论文给出了数值仿真算例,验证了本文所建的动力学模型既能适用于柔性梁的小变形问题,又能适用于大变形问题,且较现有高次刚柔耦合动力学模型更加适用于大变形问题的处理.论文还通过与能处理柔性梁大变形问题的绝对节点坐标法的比较,验证了模型的正确性.      

受撞击黏弹性基支弹性直梁的动力响应

本文研究了半无限线性黏弹性Ｗｉｎｋｌｅｒ地基上的弹性直梁受低速运动物体撞击的动力响应分析问题．在不计撞击体中应力波传播的条件下，推导出了关于撞击力Ｆ（ｔ）的非线性Ｖｏｌｔｅｒｒａ积分方程，得出了梁的横向位移Ｗ（ｘ，ｔ）的一般表达式．作为实例，本文对两端简支弹性直梁受圆球对心横向撞击的问题进行了分析计算．     

受撞击粘弹性基支弹性直梁的动力响应

本研究了半无限线性粘弹性Ｗｉｎｋｌｅｒ地基上的弹性直梁受低速运动物体撞击的动力响应分析问题，在不计撞击中应力波传播的条件下推导出了关于撞击力Ｆ（ｔ）的非线性Ｖｏｌｔｅｒｒａ分方程，得出了梁的横向位移Ｗ（ｘ，ｔ）的一般表达式，作为实例，本对两端简支弹性直梁受圆球对心横向撞击的问题进行了分析计算。     

刚性块轴向撞击杆的弹塑性动力屈曲

用特征线法分析了刚性块轴向撞击弹塑性直杆时应力波传播的全过程,得到了杆冲击端与固定端应力的变化规律及刚性块与杆首次分离的时间．基于能量原理,考虑了弹塑性应力波的传播与反射,建立了弹塑性杆在刚性块轴向撞击下的横向扰动方程,给出了问题的级数解,由解的稳定性得到了发生屈曲时的临界条件;通过数值计算和分析,给出了临界速度与冲击质量、线性强化模量及临界时间间的关系．     

钝圆头质量块对简支梁的多次弹塑性撞击

考虑多次局部弹塑性接触变形行为、多次撞击和多次分离过程,提出了1种采用有限差分方法研究柔性结构多次弹塑性撞击问题的MCIS方法,研究了钝圆柱头刚性质量块水平撞击简支梁的过程。研究结果表明,该撞击过程实际上是1个复杂的多次弹塑性撞击过程,一般存在2个以上的明显撞击区,每个撞击区包含了形式多样的复杂的次生撞击过程。其他撞击区的冲量值与第1个撞击区的冲量值相当,其他撞击过程中损失的撞击动能的总和与首次撞击过程中损失的撞击动能相当,因此,多个撞击区和多次撞击过程将对梁的撞击物理行为产生重要影响。研究还发现,小质量块刚性体撞击时,首次撞击过程的撞击动能损失明显。在大质量刚性体撞击时,后续的多次撞击过程的撞击动能损失明显。 更多还原     

中心刚体-变截面梁系统的动力学特性研究

对在平面内做大范围转动的中心刚体-变截面梁系统的动力学进行了研究.考虑柔性梁横向弯曲变形和纵向伸长变形, 且在纵向位移中计及由于横向变形而引起的纵向缩短项, 即非线性耦合变形项. 采用假设模态法描述变形, 运用第二类Lagrange方程推导得到系统刚柔耦合动力学方程. 在此基础上对做大范围旋转运动的中心刚体-楔形梁以及中心刚体-梯形梁模型的动力学进行了详细研究. 研究表明: 梁宽比、梁高比以及梯形梁变截面位置都对系统的动力学特性有很大影响.      

用模态法识别结构弹性碰撞载荷的可行性

本文在探讨杆的纵向和横向碰撞问题基础上，论证了用模态叠加法求解结构弹性撞击载荷的可行性。发展了识别撞击载荷的数值方法。用波传播理论、弹性接触理论和模态理论等有关知识对载荷历程进行了分析和解释，并验证了所给方法的精度和实用性。     

柔性头部模型与大挠度板接触撞击力的预报方法

针对被撞击板是大挠度的特点,提出了模拟函数预报撞击力的方法,根据撞击系统的动量守恒原理推导出了撞击力的预报方程,用恢复系数考虑头皮对撞击缓冲的影响．得到了头部与发动机罩板大变形、非线性、瞬态撞击过程的响应函数．分析结果与鸿巢敦宏、石川博敏的试验数据进行了对比,结果显示有较好的一致性,表明该方法能够较好地描述柔性球体模型与大挠度板接触撞击的响应过程．同时还利用该预报方程分析了各种因素对接触撞击力的影响．     

DYNAMIC SUBSTRUCTURE METHOD FOR PROPAGATION OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC WAVE INDUCED BY IMPACT

通过建立弹塑性碰撞动态子结构模型,推导了模态坐标下的控制方程,提出了模拟柔性结构碰撞激发弹塑性波传播的动态子结构方法,并对其中的主模态的存在性和主模态截断的收敛性进行了证明.通过对柔性杆纵向碰撞和柔性梁横向碰撞两个算例的计算,并将计算结果与理论解和三维动力有限方法计算结果进行了对比,验证了该方法的数值收敛性和计算碰撞弹塑性波传播的有效性.     

Buckling problem for a rod longitudinally compressed by a force smaller than the Euler critical force

It was earlier shown that a rod can buckle under the action of a sudden longitudinal load smaller than the Euler critical load. The buckling mechanism is related to excitation of periodic longitudinal waves generated in the rod by the sudden loading, which in turn lead to transverse parametric resonances. In the linear approximation, the transverse vibration amplitude increases unboundedly, and in the geometrically nonlinear approach, beats with energy exchange from longitudinal to transverse vibrations and back can arise. In this case, the transverse vibration amplitude can be significant. In the present paper, we study how this amplitude responds to the following two factors: the smoothness of application of the longitudinal force and the internal friction forces in the rod material.     

碰撞激发弹塑性波传播的动态子结构方法

通过建立弹塑性碰撞动态子结构模型, 推导了模态坐标下的控制方程,提出了模拟柔性结构碰撞激发弹塑性波传播的动态子结构方法, 并对其中的主模态的存在性和主模态截断的收敛性进行了证明. 通过对柔性杆纵向碰撞和柔性梁横向碰撞两个算例的计算, 并将计算结果与理论解和三维动力有限方法计算结果进行了对比, 验证了该方法的数值收敛性和计算碰撞弹塑性波传播的有效性.      

Numerical Analysis of the Branched Forms of Bending for a Rod

Nonlinear boundary–value problems of plane bending of elastic arches subjected to uniformly distributed loading are solved numerically by the shooting method. The problems are formulated for a system of sixth–order ordinary differential equations that are more general than the Euler equations. Four variants of rod loading by transverse and longitudinal forces are considered. Branching of the solutions of boundary–value problems and the existence of intersected and isolated branches are shown. In the case of a translational longitudinal force, the classical Euler elasticas are obtained. The existence of a unique (rectilinear) form of equilibrium upon compression of a rod by a following longitudinal force is shown.     

Plane waves in a hypoplastic half-space under periodic boundary conditions

The paper presents a numerical study of the propagation of plane waves in a half-space occupied by a granular material, with periodic boundary conditions for velocity or stresses prescribed at the boundary of the half-space. The constitutive behaviour of the material is described by a simplified hypoplastic equation which takes into account different values of the stiffness for different directions of deformation, and the coupling between shear and volumetric strains owing to dilatancy. These two features are responsible for a nonlinear character of longitudinal waves and for the generation of longitudinal motion by transverse disturbances. It is shown that longitudinal and transverse boundary disturbances produce qualitatively the same longitudinal waves at large distances from the boundary. As a longitudinal wave propagates, the amplitude of oscillations decreases and eventually vanishes, resulting in a single non-oscillating wave.Received: 10 September 2002, Accepted: 31 March 2003 Correspondence to: Y. A. Berezin     

Two dimensional analytical solution for a partially vegetated compound channel flow

The theory of an eddy viscosity model is applied to the study of the flow in a compound channel which is partially vegetated. The governing equation is constituted by analyzing the longitudinal forces acting on the unit volume where the effect of the vegetation on the flow is considered as a drag force item, The compound channel is divided into 3 sub-regions in the transverse direction, and the coefficients in every region＇s differential equations were solved simultaneously. Thus, the analytical solution of the transverse distribution of the depth-averaged velocity for uniform flow in a partially vegetated compound channel was obtained. The results can be used to predict the transverse distribution of bed shear stress, which has an important effect on the transportation of sediment. By comparing the analytical results with the measured data, the analytical solution in this paper is shown to be sufficiently accurate to predict most hydraulic features for engineering design purposes.     

Dynamics of a spherical particle in a laminar boundary layer

The problem of the motion of an individual spherical particle in a laminar boundary layer is considered for small Reynolds numbers determined from the relative velocity and the transverse velocity gradient of the flow undisturbed by the particle. The dependence of the transverse force acting on the particle, which results from the nonuniformity of the free stream, on the distance of the particle from the surface of a flat plate is calculated. It is shown that the direction of the transverse force changes with the distance of the particle from the plate: near the surface the force is positive, i.e., directed away from the plate, and at greater distances negative.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 91–96, November–December, 1990.The author wishes to thank M. N. Kogan and N. K. Makashev for useful discussions.     

Thermal effect on the deformation of a flexible beam with large kinematical driven overall motions

The research investigates the transient longitudinal and transverse deformation of a planar flexible beam with large overall motions in a temperature field. With the increase of temperature, longitudinal deformation is caused by the thermal expansion in axial direction. Due to the coupling of longitudinal and transverse deformation, the transverse deformation is induced, which is significant in cases where temperature increases rapidly in a very short period. Furthermore, the transverse temperature gradient, which is caused by the temperature variation in the transverse direction, may lead to transverse deformation. Considering the thermal strain, equations of motion of a flexible beam with arbitrary large overall motion are derived based on virtual work principle. The high order terms of the strain tensor are taken into account, such that the geometric nonlinear deformation terms are included in the dynamic equations. Simulation results of a rotating beam are shown to reveal the thermal effect and nonlinear effect on the dynamic performance of the beam.     

Interesting effects in harmonic generation by plane elastic waves

The harmonics of plane longitudinal and trans-verse waves in nonlinear elastic solids with up to cubic nonlinearity in a one-dimensional setting are investigated in this paper. It is shown that due to quadratic nonlinearity, a transverse wave generates a second longitudinal harmonic. This propagates with the velocity of transverse waves, as well as resonant transverse first and third harmonics due to the cubic and quadratic nonlinearities. A longitudinal wave generates a resonant longitudinal second harmonic, as well as first and third harmonics with amplitudes that increase linearly and quadratically with distance propagated. In a second investigation, incidence from the linear side of a pri-mary wave on an interface between a linear and a nonlinear elastic solid is considered. The incident wave crosses the interface and generates a harmonic with interface conditions that are equilibrated by compensatory waves propagating in two directions away from the interface. The back-propagated compensatory wave provides information on the nonlinear elastic constants of the material behind the interface. It is shown that the amplitudes of the compensatory waves can be increased by mixing two incident longitudinal waves of appropriate frequencies.