场址地下水特征因子对铀锶吸附的影响研究

为了考察某放射性废物填埋场土壤对待填埋的核素铀锶的阻滞性能,对该填埋场土壤及地下水进行取样分析,根据测量的地下水特性参数,在静态条件下,考察了填埋场地下水主要的阴离子SO42-、CO32和阳离子Ca2、Mg2+、Na+、K+对核素铀锶吸附影响,同时结合填埋场地下水的pH和Eh,考察了溶液pH值对核素的吸附影响；结果表明:当pH在2～3之间时,铀的吸附量突然增大,pH在在4～8之间,铀的吸附量明显变化,在pH＞10,吸附量又出现明显减小；当pH＜6和pH＞8后,锶的迁移分配系数(Kd值)明显的增大,而pH在6～8时,Kd值没有明显的变化；阴离子C032-能明显的增加锶在土壤中的吸附,直接表现为Kd值的明显增大,Kd值增加103数量级；阴离子SO42-、CO32-、C2O42-对铀的吸附的影响表现非常明显,随着离子浓度的增加,几种阴离子明显降低了铀在土壤中的吸附,表现为Kd值大大降低,降低的系数在103数量级；阳离子对锶吸附的影响,Ca2+和Mg2+的影响比Na+要强,Ca2+和Mg2+离子浓度在很小的时候就能明显的降低锶的吸附；阳离子对铀吸附的影响,当Ca2+和Mg2+的浓度较低时对铀的吸附影响不大,当Ca2+达浓度大于1280.0μg·L-1,Kd值出现了较为明显的减小.     

HG-AFS法测定铀钼矿钼反萃取液、净化液中砷含量

建立氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定铀钼矿钼反萃取液、净化液中砷含量的分析方法。仪器主要工作条件:负高压280 V,灯电流60 mA,原子化器高度9 mm,载气流量400 mL/min,屏蔽气流量1000 mL/min。砷的质量浓度在0～40μg/L范围内与荧光强度呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r=0.9998。方法测定砷的检出限为0.037μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于5%(n=6),加标回收率为90.5%～102.5%。针对溶液中的钼同多酸和杂多酸以及存在的其它氧化物,采取抗坏血酸-硫脲混合溶液进行预还原,溶液中铀含量约为0.1 g/L时,对砷的测定无影响。该法能满足铀钼矿钼反萃取液、净化液中砷含量0.005～4 g/L的测定要求。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中痕量铀

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤样品中痕量铀含量的方法。采用硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸混合酸消解样品后,以铼为内标溶液校正基体干扰,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定土壤中的痕量铀含量。实验结果表明,铀的质量浓度在0~20 ng/m L范围内与信号强度呈线性关系,相关系数r=0.999 9,方法检出限为0.006μg/g,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于5%(n=6),加标回收率在96%~103%之间。用该方法与标准方法对同一样品进行测定,两种方法测定结果一致。该方法准确可靠,满足土壤样品中痕量铀含量的测定要求。     

2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4-甲基-1,3-二羟基苯固相萃取光度法测定水中铀(Ⅵ)

研究了2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4-甲基-1,3-二羟基苯(QAMDHB)与铀的显色反应。在pH 7.8三乙醇胺-盐酸缓冲介质中,Triton X-100和氟离子存在下,QAMDHB与铀(Ⅵ)、氟离子反应生成1∶1∶1紫色三元稳定络合物,络合物的λmax=562 nm,ε=8.0×104L.mol-1.cm-1,铀含量在0~20μg/10 mL内符合比耳定律。环境水样中的铀用TBP萃淋树脂固相萃取柱分离和富集后测定,方法的相对标准偏差在1.8%~2.4%之间,标准回收率在97%~104%。     

离子交换树脂预浓缩法测定环境水中的Cd(Ⅱ)

使用Amberlite CG-120离子交换树脂作为固相萃取剂,预浓缩环境水样中的Cd(Ⅱ),然后用火焰原子吸收分光光度计法(FAAS)测定洗脱液中Cd(Ⅱ)的含量从而确定水样中的Cd(Ⅱ)浓度。实验优化了洗脱液的pH、种类及其浓度、样品和洗脱液流速、吸附剂用量等实验参数,并研究了其他阳离子对Cd(Ⅱ)回收率的干扰效应,获得了最佳的分析灵敏度、准确度、精密度以及回收率。方法检出限为0.1μg/L,线性范围为0.4μg/L～80μg/L。采用该分析方法对自来水、河水、地下水、海水进行加标回收实验,回收率均在95%以上。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水中铀钍元素的含量

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱测定水中铀钍元素含量的方法。水样以硝酸酸化处理后直接用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定,为了消除铀记忆效应对测定结果的干扰,测试溶液的质量浓度以不超过10μg/L为宜,样品测定间隙设置清洗时间为2 min。铀钍元素标准曲线线性相关系数分别为0.999 4,0.999 5;铀、钍的检出限分别为0.000 9,0.002 1μg/L;加标回收率分别为95.70%~112.33%,96.94%~109.98%;测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为0.61%~5.33%,1.16%~1.33%。     

双电极法现场快速检测地下水和湖水中碳酸氢根和碳酸根

地下水和湖水中碳酸氢根( HCO-3)和碳酸根( CO2-3)含量是地球化学碳行为和碳循环的重要表征,但两种离子的浓度易受环境影响而改变,因此,地下水和湖水中HCO-3和CO2-3真实含量的测定一直是个难题。实验利用CO2的水解平衡,通过pH电极和二氧化碳电极联用,建立了HCO-3和CO2-3现场快速测定的新方法,解决了地下水和湖水中HCO-3和CO2-3真实含量的测定难题。研究结果表明,在pH=4.8±0.1的底液中, HCO-3和CO2-3的线性范围分别为0.027~570 mg/L和1.25×10-8~39.7 mg/L。共存的金属离子、强酸阴离子(K+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4,100 mg/L)、弱酸阴离子和弱酸(HSO-3、NO-2、HOAc,50 mg/L)对测定干扰小于5%。实际水样加标实验回收率在95.2%~99.2%之间,相对标准偏差为2.6%~3.7%。与酸碱滴定法进行对比,本方法的准确性良好。但方法受温度影响,因此标准溶液与样品应在同一温度下测量。总体而言,双电极法灵敏、快速、经济且电极携带方便、操作简单、对环境要求不高,十分适合现场和室内一般自然水体的快速检测。本方法已成功应用于青海省地下水和青海湖湖水中HCO-3和CO2-3的现场测定。实验表明,海东地区地下水样品pH在6.4~7.4之间,HCO-3含量为234~4096 mg/L,CO2-3含量为0.16~1.89 mg/L；青海湖湖水样品pH≈8.7,HCO-3含量范围在1.36~1.86 g/L,CO2-3含量在32.3~43.9 mg/L,与文献结果吻合。     

关于季铵盐萃取铀多核萃合物的研究——Ⅰ.(R_4N)_2U_6O_(19)萃合物

关于季铵盐从碳酸钠溶液中萃取铀的反应,前人均确认为: UO_2(CO_3)_3~(4-)+4R_4NCl(?)(R_4N)_4UO_2(CO_3)_3+4Cl~-萃合物中铀与季铵的摩尔比为1:4,含0.1M季铵盐的有机相萃取铀的理论饱和容量为5.95g/L。在铀矿水冶碱法工艺中,我们以季铵盐从碳酸钠溶液中萃取铀,用碳酸铵溶液从饱和有机相中反萃铀,再用季铵盐从蒸除氨后的碳酸铵反萃结晶母液中萃取铀时发现,0.1M季铵盐萃取铀可高达60～90g/L,为按上述反应计算的理论饱和容量的10～15倍,萃取分配比大于10~4,单段萃取即可使萃余水相中铀浓度小于5mg/L。因此推测萃取过程是按另一反应进行。季铵盐不是萃取三碳酸钠酰配阴离子,而是萃取一种或几种铀酰离子的水解产物——多铀酸盐。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定富铀矿样中的微量钍

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP–MS)法测定富铀矿样中微量钍的方法。富铀矿样经Na_2O_2分解,用乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-2Na)–三乙醇胺(TEA)–H_2O_2溶液提取,以Mg(OH)_2作载体共沉淀提取液中的过氧化钍,使钍与大部分金属离子和UO_2~(2+)分离。沉淀用2 mol/L热HNO_3溶液溶解,定容后用ICP–MS法测定。该方法消除了样品中高含量铀组分对仪器进样系统的污染。钍的质量浓度在0~100μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999 7,钍的检出限为0.185μg/L。测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.23%~5.91%(n=6),用该法测定3种国家标准物质,测定值与标准值的相对误差小于4.96%。该法样品分解彻底,铀分离较充分,检测速度快,检出限低,测定结果稳定可靠,适用于富铀矿样中微量钍的测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定3种中成药中的葛根素

 建立了测定小儿清感灵片、步长新脑心通胶囊和感冒清热颗粒 3种中成药中葛根素含量的反相高效液相色谱方法。采用APEXODS色谱柱 ,以醋酸铵缓冲液 (10 0mmol/L ,pH 5 0 ) 甲醇 (体积比为 75∶2 5 )的混合溶液为流动相 ,检测波长为 2 5 0nm ,流速为 0 8mL/min。葛根素在 2mg/L～ 2 0mg/L时其色谱峰面积与质量浓度的线性关系良好 (r =0 9999) ;上述 3种中成药中的葛根素含量分别为 3 48mg/g ,1 0 8mg/ g及 1 5 2mg/ g(蔗糖型 ) ;其加样回收率分别为 99 0 % ,93 4%和 97 5 %。该法简便、快速、专属性强 ,可以作为多种中药制剂中葛根素含量的测定方法。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.