粉末高温合金FGH96中的原始粉末颗粒边界及其对合金拉伸断裂行为的影响

采用等离子电极旋转雾化法和热等静压法(hot isostatic press,HIP)分别制备FGH96粉末与合金,对原始及高温(1 150℃)预热处理后的FGH96粉末表面析出相以及HIPed FGH96合金的原始粉末颗粒边界(prior particleboundary,简称PPB)进行分析,进而研究PPB对合金室温和750℃拉伸断裂行为的影响。研究发现:原始粉末表面无明显析出相,1 150℃预热处理后粉末表面有块状MC和细小氧化物分布;热等静压法制备的FGH96合金及其热处理后,PPB析出相主要由颗粒和块状的金属碳化物MC及富Zr的氧化物颗粒组成;该合金经过固溶和时效处理后,颗粒状MC部分溶解而块状MC长大,PPB碳化物的尺寸分布由单峰分布转变为双峰分布;常温拉伸时微孔在PPB上形成并扩展,合金沿PPB断裂;750℃拉伸时,合金强度与塑性较常温下明显降低,部分M23C6在晶界析出,块状和颗粒状碳化物部分溶解,为M23C6提供碳源,合金断口呈现沿晶和沿PPB混合断裂的形貌。     

消除粉末高温合金中原始颗粒边界机制北大核心

采用SEM、TEM研究了高温合金粉末颗粒内部与合金中碳化物的类型和组成,采用热力学软件计算了不同Hf含量FGH4096的碳化物组成,结果表明,粉末高温合金中原始颗粒边界上的析出物为以TiC为主的MC型碳化物,MC型碳化物(TiC、ZrC、HfC、NbC、TaC)在镍基高温合金中按溶解度从大到小为TiC>NbC>TaC>ZrC>HfC。TiC在FGH4096中的溶解度较HfC的大,雾化粉末快速凝固过程中,加入Hf的FGH4096合金碳化物析出量大于不加Hf的FGH4096合金碳化物析出量,HfC均匀形核于整个粉末颗粒中。在热等静压过程中,Hf与C的结合力强而形成HfC,最终在FGH4096合金中形成(Hf,Ti,Nb)C,致使C元素无法扩散至粉末颗粒表面形成TiC,避免了原始粉末颗粒边界的形成。加入Zr消除FGH4096中原始颗粒边界的机制与添加Hf的FGH4096相同。     

粉末高温合金FGH97疲劳裂纹扩展行为

测定不同晶粒尺寸、γ'相以及不同Hf含量的粉末高温合金FGH97在650℃高温条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并将其与FGH95和FGH96两代粉末合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行对比.用定量分析的方法对FGH97合金在疲劳断裂各个阶段的行为特征进行分析.较大晶粒尺寸的FGH97合金具有较低的裂纹扩展速率,合理的二次和三次γ'相匹配析出,可以获得较高的疲劳寿命;Hf元素的添加使合金的整体疲劳寿命增大;FGH97合金与FGH95和FGH96相比,具有较高的疲劳裂纹萌生抗力,更低的高温疲劳裂纹扩展速率.      

碳含量对热等静压FGH4169合金原始颗粒边界与力学性能的影响

用3种不同碳含量的GH4169合金粉末为原料,采用粉末热等静压+热处理工艺制备碳含量(质量分数,下同)分别为0.026%,0.045%和0.078%的FGH4169合金,研究碳含量对FGH4169合金PPB(prior particle boundary,原始颗粒边界)和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随碳含量从0.026%增加到0.078%,FGH4169合金析出碳化物增多,超过0.078%后,形成PPB;FGH4169合金中碳化物主要为富Ti和Nb的MC型碳化物,但碳含量对合金中碳化物的种类及形貌没有明显影响;在一定碳含量范围内,随碳含量增加,FGH4169合金基体上析出的γ'相数量减少,且碳化物越来越趋向于在原始颗粒边界聚集,导致合金的室温和650℃高温强度和塑性逐渐减小。     

高温氧化对FGH96高温合金粉末表面状态的影响

通过模拟FGH96高温合金粉末在热等静压固结阶段的高温加热过程，利用多种表面分析方法，研究高温氧化对粉末表面状态的影响。结果表明，近热等静压加热温度条件下的高温氧化过程显著改变了FGH96高温合金粉末的表面形貌、表面元素分布和析出相组成。随加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长，胞状晶为主、树枝晶为辅的表面凝固组织被氧化物/碳化物层所覆盖，高温氧化过程促进粉末基体内部的Ni、Ti、Zr、Nb、Al和C原子逐渐扩散到粉末表面，粉末表面预先存在的氧化物（ZrO2）为MC型碳化物（(Ti, Nb)C）的形核提供了结构条件。控制粉末表面氧化物的形成可以有效限制合金中形成原始颗粒边界缺陷。     

高速钢M2中共晶碳化物M_2C的性质和形态

采用砂型和金属型铸造制备M2高速钢铸锭,研究了共晶碳化物M2C性质和形态随冷却速度的变化规律。结果表明,冷速加快,促进共晶M2C由平直片层状变为弯曲棒状,并使碳化物中合金元素含量降低,基体合金含量升高。不同形态M2C热分解性质差异较为明显:片层状M2C分解产生的MC多分布在碳化物内部,形成大量M6C+MC复合碳化物;棒状M2C起始分解温度低于片层状M2C,MC多形成于碳化物和基体界面处,高温加热时易与M6C分离,使复合碳化物数量减少。共晶M2C热分解性质的差异与冷速不同引起的合金元素分布变化有关。     

FGH95合金高低周复合疲劳行为

为了解高周振动应力对FGH95合金低周疲劳过程的影响,对FGH95合金进行高低周复合疲劳和低周疲劳试验。试验结果表明：在低周疲劳过程中叠加的高周振动明显降低了FGH95合金的低周疲劳寿命;且叠加的高周振动应力越大,FGH95合金的低周疲劳寿命降低程度越大。宏观和体视显微镜下分析的试样断口形貌显示：断口呈平坦区和倾斜区两大部分,表面粗糙,有明显的反光小平面。最后,着重用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析疲劳裂纹扩展不同阶段的形貌特征,并对不同试验条件下的相同裂纹扩展阶段的裂缝形貌特征进行比较。     

粉末粒度和氧含量对HIP态FGH96合金组织的影响

对氩气雾化法制备的高温合金FGH96粉末进行了热等静压(HIP)处理,分析了粉末粒度和氧含量对HIP态合金组织的影响,研究了FGH96合金组织中PPB的类型、相结构和形成机制。结果表明,氩气雾化FGH96粉末的氧含量较低,平均氧含量约为50×10-6,随着粉末粒度降低,颗粒比表面积增大,促进了粉末氧含量的升高;粉末经HIP处理后氧含量具有遗传特征,原始粉末氧含量越高,HIP态合金氧含量也越高,且平均氧含量增至83×10-6;粉末尺寸和氧含量对合金致密化行为无明显影响,HIP态合金密度约为8.33 g·cm-3。小尺寸粉末制备的HIP态合金原始颗粒边界主要析出ZrO2和MC碳化物,而大尺寸粉末制备的HIP态合金原始颗粒边界主要析出大尺寸花瓣状γ’相和少量MC碳化物。粉末粒度和氧含量影响PPB析出,小尺寸粉末因氧含量高经HIP处理时颗粒边界处存在更多、尺寸更大稳定的ZrO2,ZrO2成为MC碳化物析出形核的核心,促进了大量MC碳化物的析出。     

硼含量对Ti-1023合金高周疲劳性能的影响

研究了硼元素含量对Ti-1023合金高周疲劳性能的影响。无硼的Ti-1023合金高周疲劳S-N曲线位置最低,添加0.05%的硼元素后,合金的疲劳极限仅增加了2 MPa,但高周疲劳S-N曲线高应力段明显上移。当硼元素含量为0.1%时,Ti-1023合金的疲劳极限提高10%以上,S-N曲线的位置最高,其疲劳性能得到全面提高。进一步添加硼元素后,S-N曲线位置基本不变。无硼的Ti-1023合金疲劳条带较为清晰,添加硼元素后,Ti-1023合金疲劳试样裂纹源全部位于表面,裂纹前沿区域脆断痕迹明显,解理断面趋于平整,疲劳条带越来越模糊。这是由于添加硼元素后,Ti-1023合金内部的临界裂纹尺寸会减小,使其抵抗疲劳裂纹失稳扩展的能力降低,综合考虑,Ti-1023合金中硼元素的添加量不宜超过0.1%。     

含Hf和Ta新型镍基高温合金粉末中碳化物相

对含Hf和Ta新型镍基高温合金FGH98Ⅰ等离子旋转电极(PREP)雾化原始和不同温度下预热处理粉末中的碳化物相进行了研究.结果表明:原始粉末中MC′型碳化物可分为两类,一类为富Ti、Ta和Nb,另一类为含Ta、Hf和Zr.两类碳化物均含有一定量非碳化物形成元素Co和Ni及中等强碳化物形成元素Cr和Mo,并以块状、粒状分布于枝晶或胞晶间;随着预热处理温度升高,粉末中富Ti、Ta和Nb的MC′型碳化物转变为MC型碳化物,且其所含Ti、Ta和Nb的总量增大;含Ta、Hf和Zr的MC′型碳化物发生分解和转变,析出稳定的M23C6、M6C和MC型碳化物,M23C6碳化物的析出和溶解温度为950℃和1150℃,M23C6和M6C碳化物共存温度为1000～1100℃.另外,粉末中微量元素Hf和Ta主要以碳化物和γ′相参与碳化物反应.     

Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Powder Metallurgical Nickel Base Superalloy FGH96

 The fracture behavior in the thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) of the Nickel-base Powder Metallurgy Superalloy FGH96 was investigated under in-phase (IP) and out-of –phase (OP) loadings at the temperature range from 550℃ to 720℃ and mechanical strain amplitude range from 0.3% to 0.8％. The results show that the FGH96 TMF fracture character is intergranular on the IP samples and transgranular cleavage on the OP samples, at the same strain amplitude, the fatigue life is shorter for the IP than that for the OP samples that is related to crack propagation along grain boundary on the IP samples, the γ′ size is larger in the IP than that in the OP sample, which is related to the bulk diffusion processes accelerated by the tensile strain during the high temperature portion of the IP cycle. Dislocation pairs and stacking faults are main microstructures induced by IP TMF, and they are hindered by the grain boundary, which likely resulted in the crack propagation along the grain boundary in the IP samples.     

时效处理对粉末高温合金惯性摩擦焊接头室温拉伸行为的影响

对惯性摩擦焊扩散连接的FGH96合金试样经时效处理前后的室温拉伸行为进行了研究,并对其失效机制进行了评估.结果表明,对于焊接态(原状态)FGH96合金试样,由于焊缝区和热影响区的γ'相综合强化效果弱,晶界平直化,导致焊缝区和热影响区的强度低于基体,在室温拉伸过程中塑性应变量大:由于热影响区的晶粒尺寸大,晶界强化效果弱,...     

Effect of copper on the strength of AISI 316 stainless steel

The load relaxation test was used to evaluate the elevated temperature (>0.4Tm) flow strength (as a function of strain rate and temperature) of a series of modified type AISI 316, austenitic stainless steels which had been given various thermomechanical pretreatments. Two classes of steels were investigated. The first contained only stabilizing additions; the second contained both stabilizing additions and copper. Under the same conditions the latter class of steels was found to have a much higher flow strength at all strain rates compared to the former class. Microstructural examinations showed that the high flow strength of the copper containing steels results from a larger number of finer matrix MC-type carbides which effectively pin dislocations. It is suggested that copper causes this finer distribution by increasing the stacking fault energy of the austenite lattice and thereby enhancing the nucleation rate of MC-type carbides on grain matrix dislocations.     

含碳量对Cr15—Ni25合金高温低周疲劳性能的影响

本文对含碳0.009、0.099、0.16Wt％的Cr15-Ni25合金高温低周疲劳性能进行了研究,疲劳波形为保持1min单向拉一拉疲劳。实验结果表明,材料的高温低周疲劳性能不仅与含碳量有关,而且同碳化物分布状态有关,材料的高温低周疲劳性能受晶界强度和晶内强度两部分控制,只有二者强度同时提高,才能提高材料的高温抗疲劳性能。     

Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Powder Metallurgical Nickel Based Superalloy FGH96

The fracture behavior of the thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) of the powder metallurgical nickel based superalloy FGH96 was investigated under in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) loadings in the temperature range from 550℃ to 720℃ and the mechanical strain amplitude range from 0. 3% to 0. 8%. The results show that the FGH96 TMF fracture character is intergranular for the IP samples and transgranular cleavage-like for the OP samples, at the same strain amplitude, the fatigue life is shorter for the IP than that for the OP samples that is related to crack propagation along grain boundary on the IP samples, the γ' size is larger in the IP than that in the OP sample, which is related to the bulk diffusion processes accelerated by the tensile strain during the high temperature portion of the IP cycle. Dislocation pairs and stacking faults are main microstructures induced by IP TMF, and they are hindered by the grain boundary, which likely resulted in the crack propagation along the grain boundary in the IP samples.     

热挤压对FGH96镍基粉末高温合金微观组织的影响

研究了热挤压温度、挤压比、挤压速度、挤压前预处理对FGH96镍基粉末高温合金微观组织的影响规律,确定了获得晶粒尺寸小于10 μm的超塑性细晶组织的热挤压方法。研究结果表明,热等静压后FGH96合金发生了再结晶,实现了粉末的完全致密化成形,但晶粒大小极不均匀,且存在明显的原始颗粒边界(PPB)缺陷。采用热挤压前预处理工艺在确保合金晶粒不长大的同时,又可使γ'相粗化,显著降低热挤压变形抗力。随着挤压温度的升高,合金晶粒尺寸呈长大趋势。挤压温度为1 080 ℃时,获得平均晶粒小于10 μm的完全再结晶超塑性组织,挤压温度继续升高,晶粒尺寸将明显长大。随着挤压比的增大,挤压载荷明显增大,采用大于6∶1的挤压比,有利于获得平均晶粒小于10 μm的完全再结晶超塑性组织。载荷随热挤压速度的升高而增大,在保证合金组织为细晶的条件下,应尽量选择较低的挤压速度。由于在热挤压过程中合金已发生了完全的动态再结晶,未观察到明显的取向,力学性能测试结果也表明沿着挤压方向和垂直于挤压方向的性能相当,说明不同挤压方向的微织构对性能没有明显影响。     

Microstructure and Properties of an Advanced Nickel-base PM Superalloy

The need for nickel-base powder metallurgy （PM） superalloy turbine discs is becoming increasingly evi dent. With the eventual aim of improving thrust-to-weight ratio of aeroengines for power generation, well integration of significantly high strength, high damage tolerance and high-temperature capability would be reasonably required. An advanced PM superalloy, which was designed for applications up to 815- 8 5 0 ℃, was experimentally investigated. Emphasis was primarily put on microstructure and mechanical properties. The results indicated the measured phases in the sample were composed of γ,γ＇, MC, and Ma B2. With uniform coarse grain microstruc ture （ASTM 5-6）, the sample appeared to exhibit overwhelming superiority over the prior art materials FGH95, FGH96, FGH97 and FGH98. The dominant embodiments consisted of high tensile strength （Rm = 1000 MPa and Rp0.2 800 MPa at 850℃）, strong creep resistance （ξp 0.12% at 815 ℃/400 MPa/50 h）, and considerable stressrupture life （τ=457.4 h at 815 ℃/450 MPa）. The technical practicability of applications up to 815-850 ℃ of this alloy was conclusively proved.     

Inconel 690合金TT处理后的析出相

 用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和相分析研究了3种不同钛含量的Inconel 690合金经不同固溶温度+715 ℃×15 h,TT处理后的析出相。结果表明：合金经TT处理后,均有M23C6析出,并含有一定量的Ti(C,N);钛含量为110%的合金中有γ′相析出,γ′相在晶内弥散分布;M23C6大多在晶界上析出,而且在孪晶界和晶内位错线处也均有析出,M23C6与界面一侧基体保持立方 立方的平行位向关系;钛含量增加,析出的M23C6尺寸变小,间距增大,晶界附近的铬含量明显提高,有利于改善合金的耐腐蚀性能。