草坪褐斑病菌和镰刀枯萎病菌拮抗木霉菌的筛选及效果研究

通过木霉属5个菌株与草坪禾草褐斑病菌、草坪禾草镰刀枯萎病菌的对峙培养试验,发现哈茨木霉1、哈茨木霉2、深绿木霉、钩状木霉及桔绿木霉的抑菌效果很好,可以作为草坪镰刀枯萎病菌的生物防治拮抗菌加以利用。在这5株木霉中以哈茨木霉对草坪镰刀枯萎病菌的拮抗作用最强。     

甘肃河西马铃薯根际生防木霉菌对接骨木镰刀菌的拮抗筛选及鉴定

从甘肃省西部地区农牧交错区的马铃薯根际土壤中共分离到108株木霉菌株,通过平板对峙法筛选出10株对马铃薯干腐病主要病菌接骨木镰刀菌拮抗效果较好的木霉菌株,抗性系数均在0.826以上,其中天祝3株、永登4株、山丹3株。根据形态学特征、培养性状和ITS序列分析,将这10株生防木霉菌鉴定为哈茨木霉、长枝木霉、深绿木霉和粘绿木霉4个种。研究结果还表明,马铃薯根际土壤中的优势生防木霉菌种为哈茨木霉和长枝木霉,长枝木霉与深绿木霉对病原菌接骨木镰刀菌的拮抗作用最强。长枝木霉菌对接骨木镰刀菌有较好的拮抗效果,在国内系首次报道。     

草坪镰刀枯萎病菌拮抗木霉菌的筛选及拮抗机制的研究

通过木霉属5个菌株与大连高尔夫球场上草坪镰刀枯萎病菌的对峙培养试验,结果表明:哈茨木霉1、哈茨木霉2、钩状木霉及桔绿木霉的抑菌效果很好,可以作为草坪镰刀枯萎病菌的生物防治拮抗菌加以利用,在这5株木霉中以哈茨木霉2的拮抗作用最强.观察结果表明,木霉对镰刀枯萎病菌的拮抗机制主要表现为生长竞争、重寄生及产生抗菌物质使病菌菌丝消解,而木霉菌生长迅速,可附着或缠绕于病菌菌丝上,可产生吸器侵入菌丝.另外,木霉菌还能分泌使病原菌菌丝原生质浓缩、断裂、消解的物质.     

拮抗香蕉枯萎病菌木霉菌株筛选

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌引起的土传病害,目前尚缺乏有效的防治方法。木霉菌是一类重要的植物病害生防菌,广泛分布于自然界,容易分离培养,对多种植物病原菌具有一定的抑制作用。笔者从海南儋州、乐东、文昌等地147份土样中分离出245株木霉,通过对峙试验筛选出对香蕉枯萎病菌有较好拮抗效果木霉菌10株,抑菌率在63.1%～84.7%,并对其进行了体外拮抗作用的测定;最后还测定了无菌土中木霉与病原菌的种群变化,结果表明木霉对香蕉枯萎病菌有一定的抑制作用。     

木霉对草坪上2种重要土传病害生防效果的研究

利用木霉菌Trichoderma spp.防治草坪上2种重要的土传病害--褐斑病及镰刀枯萎病.木霉菌对草坪上的植物病原真菌室内抑菌效果及木霉制剂温室和田间防效试验结果表明,在拮抗作用测定中,木霉菌对草坪镰刀枯萎病菌和立枯丝核病菌具有较强的拮抗作用,拮抗机制主要为竞争作用、重寄生作用和抗生作用;温室盆栽及田间防治试验结果表明,木霉对镰刀枯萎病的防效分别为85%和74%,木霉对立枯丝核病菌的防效分别为86%和76%,且具有防效持久、刺激植物生长的作用.     

一株能拮抗3种土传病害病原真菌的长枝木霉

为了丰富生防木霉菌(Trichodermaspp.)种资源,在园林植物八宝景天(Sedum spectabile)根际土壤中分离得到一株优势木霉。根据该菌株菌落的形态特征、形态学显微观察、菌株rDNA-ITS序列分析以及邻接法同源性比对等结果判定木霉菌株种类。采用平板对峙法将该菌株与3种土传病害病原菌[(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和细链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)]进行对峙培养。并用该木霉诱导山新杨(Populus davidiana×P.albavar.Pyramidalis)组培苗,观察离体叶片抵抗细链格孢菌侵染的能力。结果表明,此木霉为长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum),命名为Tl-70。该菌株对3种土传病害病原真菌均有较明显的拮抗作用。对核盘菌的抑菌率最高为77.71%,显著高于对细链格孢菌和立枯丝核菌的抑制率(P0.05);对立枯丝核菌的抑菌率为58.56%,显著高于对细链格孢菌的抑制率(P0.05);对细链格孢菌的抑菌率最低,为53.32%。并且,该木霉能提高山新杨组培苗叶片拮抗细链格孢菌侵染的能力。说明此菌株是具有潜力的生防菌株。     

绿木霉对币斑病菌的生长抑制作用及对镉的耐受性

木霉菌是具有广阔应用前景的生防制剂，可用于多种植物病害的防治，也可作为重金属的吸附剂。本研究从北京多种草地类型中分离到83株木霉菌株。本研究对8种木霉菌进行了拮抗币斑病菌的平皿试验，其中哈茨木霉152-22、脐孢木霉192-49和绿木霉192-45菌株利用其对空间和营养的竞争能力以及分泌的非挥发性和挥发性物质，显著抑制了币斑病菌的生长。此外，采用梯度试验(0~350 mg·L^-1)研究了这些菌株对高浓度镉胁迫的耐受性。随着镉浓度的增加，虽然三种木霉菌的生长均受到一定程度地抑制，但绿木霉192-45菌株表现出较强的镉耐受能力。这说明绿木霉菌对镉胁迫和币斑病菌均具有较强抗性。综上所述，绿木霉192-45可以在镉富集和币斑病频发的复合胁迫草地中发挥至关重要的作用。     

一株棘孢木霉生防效果及固体发酵条件探索

棘孢木霉（GX004）菌株是一株分离于土壤中的具有生防潜力的木霉菌株。为进一步研究该菌株在田间技术的应用提供理论依据,进行菌株基本生物学特性、拮抗尖孢镰刀菌4号生理小种（FOC4）效果及其固体发酵条件的探索。本试验采用了室内菌丝生长、产孢量测定法、平板对峙法、对扣培养法、不同浓度木霉孢子培养基研究了棘孢木霉（GX004）基本生物学特性及对FOC4的生防效果,利用水稻和菜籽饼作为固体发酵基质,探究在单因素不同条件下对其产孢量的影响,结果表明：不同温度、pH及光照条件均对该菌的菌丝和产孢量产生影响显著,在培养温度为28℃时产孢量最大,平均产孢对数值约为9.20;在pH5~6比较适合生长,在pH=6时平均产孢对数值约为9.07;光照条件能够促进菌株的生长和产孢,在全光照条件下平均产孢对数约为9.17;在平板中GX004通过空间营养竞争等作用对FOC4的生长有显著的抑制,抑制率达85.2%;产生的挥发性物质对FOC4生长抑制率为39.5%;当木霉孢子浓度为1.65×（102、103、104、105）个/ml时,不同孢子浓度木霉孢子培养基对其平均抑菌率分别为74.0%、76.9%、82.7%、85.6%,当木霉孢子液的浓度为1.65×106个/ml时FOC4几乎无法生长。在实验室条件下,水稻秸秆与菜籽饼按质量比1∶ 1配比,经过121℃灭菌 30 min,接种量8%~12%接种,调节水分使初始含水量达到 70%,在培养箱28℃下培养5天,在此条件下产孢量可达2.0×109个/g以上。     

枇杷根系对木霉P3.9菌株及枇杷根腐病病菌的生理响应

摘 为了弄清枇杷根系对有益菌及致病菌的生理响应差异。本文以枇杷内生木霉P3.9菌株及3株枇杷根腐病病菌P3.1、P3.5、P3.6为研究对象,将其活体接种于健康枇杷根部,设单独接种木霉P3.9,木霉P3.9分别与3株病原菌同时接种处理,不接种菌体的植株为空白对照。用高效液相色谱法,检测枇杷根中过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、纤维素酶(CL)、几丁质酶(Ch)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-GA)、内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(β-1,4-Cx)、外切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(β-1,4-Cl)、α-淀粉酶(α-AL)8种酶活性变化情况。结果表明木霉P3.9菌株促使枇杷根部POD和CL活性增加,Ch、β-1,4-Cx和α-AL活性降低,PAL、β-1,3-GA和β-1,4-Cl活性不受影响。木霉P3.9菌株与病原菌P3.1菌株互作,促使枇杷根部POD、PAL、β-1,3-GA、β-1,4-Cx、β-1,4-Cl和α-AL活性增加,CL和Ch活性不受影响;木霉P3.9菌株与病原菌P3.5菌株互作,促使枇杷根部POD、PAL、Ch和β-1,3-GA活性增加,β-1,4-Cx和α-AL活性降低,CL和β-1,4-Cl活性不受影响;木霉P3.9菌株与病原菌P3.6菌株互作,促使枇杷根部POD、PAL、β-1,4-Cx、和β-1,4-Cl活性增加,Ch和β-1,3-GA活性降低,CL和α-AL活性不受影响。木霉P3.9菌株与枇杷根腐病菌互作,促使枇杷根部POD和PAL活性增加;木霉P3.9菌株分别与病原菌P3.5和P3.6互作,Ch和β-1,3-GA活性变化不一致,前者增加,后者降低。木霉P3.9与病原菌P3.1互作,β-1,3-GA活性增加,Ch活性不受影响。上述结果一方面说明枇杷内生木霉P3.9菌株能成功定殖于枇杷根部,对枇杷根部有诱导抗性作用。另一方面说明病原菌P3.1、P3.5和P3.6菌株致病性存在差异,P3.6菌株最强,P3.5菌株最弱,P3.1菌株居中。     

苜蓿根腐病生防真菌筛选鉴定及其防治效果研究

根腐病是苜蓿（Medicago sativa）生产中的重要限制性病害,应用生物技术对其进行防治对环境友好型可持续农业具有重要意义。本研究从不同地区苜蓿根际土壤中分离得到的95株真菌中筛选出了2株对根腐病病原菌抑菌率较高的菌株,经鉴定,2株拮抗真菌ZY56和GY37分别为哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）和康宁木霉（Trichoderma koningii）。对2株菌株的拮抗能力及盆栽防效的测定结果表明：2株菌株对4种镰刀菌（Fusarium spp.）均有较好的抑制效果,其7 d抑菌率在54.9%~75.3%之间,其中ZY56对尖孢镰刀菌（F.oxysporum）和半裸镰刀菌（F.semitectum）的抑菌率较高,而GY37对燕麦镰刀菌（F.avenaceum）和腐皮镰刀菌（F.solani）的抑菌效果更好;ZY56对盆栽苜蓿根腐病的防效显著高于多菌灵,达到66.4%,且促进生根效果明显,GY37也具有良好的防治效果,防效为55.1%。     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare sedative, analgesic, and cardiopulmonary effects after IV administration of medetomidine (20 microg/kg), medetomidine-hydromorphone (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.1 mg of hydromorphone/kg), and medetomidine-butorphanol (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.2 mg of butorphanol tartrate/kg) in dogs. ANIMALS: 6 dogs healthy mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Instruments were surgically inserted, and heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), core body temperature, and cardiac output (CO) were measured 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after injection. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated. Arterial samples for blood gas analysis were collected 0, 15, and 45 minutes after injection. Intensity of analgesia, degree of sedation, and degree of muscle relaxation were evaluated at aforementioned time points and 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 minutes after injection. RESULTS: Administration of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol was associated with increases in SAP, MAP, DAP, MPAP, PCWP, CVP, SVR, PVR, core body temperature, and PaCO2 and decreases in HR, CO, CI, SV, SI, RR, pH, and PaO2. Clinically important differences were not detected among treatments. Medetomidine-hydromorphone and medetomidine-butorphanol provided a longer duration of sedation and better quality of analgesia, compared with medetomidine alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medetomidine-hydromorphone or medetomidine-butorphanol is associated with improved analgesia and sedation but has cardiopulmonary effects comparable to those for medetomidine alone.     

Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Anticoagulant, cholecalciferol, and bromethalin-based rodenticides

The control of rodent pests is a continuing goal of mankind. To this end, a multitude of rodenticides have been produced, each designed to kill rodents by exerting their toxic effects on various body systems. As examples, veterinarians have had to manage companion animal poisonings due to anticoagulant, sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080), thallium, barium carbonate, and zinc phosphide-based rodenticides. Many of these rodenticides were introduced because of their anticipated safety in relation to nontarget species; unfortunately, this has not been the case. Veterinarians must attempt to identify the specific rodenticide involved in poisoning cases. Therapeutic success in these poisonings is often more dependent upon symptomatic and supportive care rather than the use of antidotal therapy.     

Antibacterial action of combinations of oxytetracycline, dimethyl sulfoxide, and EDTA-tromethamine on Proteus, Salmonella, and Aeromonas

Antibacterial effects against Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. Antibacterial effects were not observed with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide plus oxytetracycline or with dimethyl sulfoxide plus EDTA-tromethamine. Using a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, inhibitory activities of the various combinations of solutions were studied, and isobolograms were plotted. A synergistic effect was seen with combinations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. The greatest synergistic effect was observed when the mixture was caused to react with P mirabilis. These findings were confirmed by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of these preparations.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Genetic parameters among weight, prolificacy, and wool traits of Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep

Genetic parameters for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep were estimated using REML with animal models for prolificacy, weight, and wool traits. All bivariate analyses included a covariance between additive genetic effects for the two traits plus appropriate additional covariances. Number of observations by breed ranged from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits, from 7,750 to 9,530 for weight traits, and from 4,603 to 34,746 for wool traits. Heritability estimates ranged from .03 to .11 for prolificacy traits (litter size at birth and litter size at weaning), from .09 to .26 for weight traits (birth weight and average daily gain), and from .25 to .53 for wool traits (fleece weight, fleece grade and staple length). Estimates of direct genetic correlations among prolificacy and among weight traits were positive and ranged from .58 to 1.00 and .18 to 1.00, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length were positive (.50 to .70) but were negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-.60 to -.34) and between staple length and fleece grade (-.72 and -.40). Prolificacy and wool traits were essentially uncorrelated. Weight and prolificacy traits were slightly positively correlated. Weight traits had a moderate positive direct genetic correlation with fleece weight and staple length, but were uncorrelated with fleece grade. These estimates of genetic parameters between prolificacy, weight, and wool traits can be used to construct multiple-trait selection indexes for dual-purpose sheep.     

Echocardiography, electrocardiography, and radiography of cats with dilatation cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and hyperthyroidism

The echocardiographic, ECG, and radiographic findings of sequentially examined cats with dilatation cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 7), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 8), and hyperthyroidism (HT, n = 20) were compared with those of healthy control cats (n = 11). Cats with DCM were easily differentiated from healthy cats by echocardiography and from cats with HCM and HT by a dilated left ventricle at end-diastole with a mean +/- SD of 2.20 +/- 0.36 cm, reduced fractional shortening (2.9% +/- 3.7%), reduced aortic amplitude (0.07 +/- 0.05 cm), reduced left ventricular wall amplitude (0.09 +/- 0.09 cm), and increased E-point septal separation (0.83 +/- 0.29 cm). The cats with HCM were most consistently recognized echocardiographically by increased left ventricular wall thickness at end-diastole (0.75 +/- 0.12 cm). Some cats with HT had abnormal echocardiograms with left ventricular wall hypertrophy. These cats could usually be differentiated from the cats with HCM because of normal or increased ventricular wall amplitude, aortic amplitude, or percentage of thickening of the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum. Left atrial enlargement (left atrial diameter greater than 1.57 cm or left atrium/aorta greater than 1.75) was commonly detected by the echocardiogram in cats with DCM, HCM, or HT. The echocardiogram was helpful in differentiating the type of cardiomyopathy (DCM, HCM, or HT) when plain thoracic radiographs indicated that cardiomegaly existed. The ECG may have indicated incorrectly that there was left ventricular enlargement in some cats with HT, and it did not indicate consistently that left ventricular enlargement existed when present in cats with DCM or HCM. The ECG was a poor indicator of left atrial enlargement in all cats.