Medium oxygen enriched blast furnace with top gas recycling strategy

Top gas recycling oxygen blast furnace(TGR-OBF)process is a promising ironmaking process.The biggest challenge of the TGR-OBF in operation is the dramatic decrease of top gas volume(per ton hot metal),which once led to hanging-up and shutdowns in practice of the Toulachermet.In order to avoid this weakness,the strategy of medium oxygen blast furnace was presented.The maneuverable zone of the TGR-OBF was determined by the top gas volume,which should not be far from the data of the traditional blast furnace.The deviation of ±12.5% was used,and then the maneuverable blast oxygen content is from 0.30 to 0.47 according to the calculation.The flame temperature and the top gas volume have no much difference compared to those of the traditional blast furnace.The minimum carbon consumption of 357 kg per ton hot metal in the maneuverable zone occurs at the oxygen content of 0.30(fuel saving of 14%).In the unsteady evolution,the N2 accumulation could approach nearly zero after the recycling reached 6 times.Thus far,some TGR-OBF industrial trials have been carried out in different countries,but the method of medium oxygen enriched TGR-OBF has not been implemented,because the accumulation of N2 was worried about.The presented strategy of medium oxygen enriched TGR-OBF is applicable and the strategy with good operational performance is strongly suggested as a forerunner of the full oxygen blast furnace.     

“Redistribution” Effect of Lumpy Zone for Gas Flow in BF

 The gas flow from tuyere to raceway zone by blasting involves three distributional zones, such as dripping, cohesive, and lumpy zone. The gas flow distribution in lumpy zone directly affects the gas utilization ration and smooth operation in the blast furnace. However, the furnace closeness brings about great difficulty in the study of high temperature gas flow. The charging and blasting system affecting the gas flow and whether the top gas flow distribution could reflect its inner condition as well as the furnace state, such as hanging or scaffolding, which have become the main problems for the research on gas flow. Recently, several researches overseas studied gas flow distribution using the numerical simulation method; however, such a research was rare amongst the natives. In this study, the flow model of gas in cohesive and lumpy zone was established using the numerical simulation software and the gas flow distributions with uniform distribution of burden permeability, scaffolding of wall, and nonuniform charge level were analyzed. As a result, the effects of cohesive zone and lower parts on the gas flow are very limited and the charge level largely affects the distribution of top gas flow. Therefore, it was found that the distribution of top gas flow could hardly reflect the inner gas flow. The process is called “redistribution” effect, which means that the gas flow after passing through the raceway, dripping, and cohesive zone is distributed when it flows into the lumpy zone.     

A Modified Model for Calculating Theoretical Flame Temperature in Blast Furnace and Its Application

The theoretical flame temperature(TFT)before tuyere,always highly concerned by blast furnace(BF)operators,is one of the most important parameters for evaluating the thermal state of hearth.However,some influencing parameters,for example,the SiO2 reduction by carbon,were always neglected or inaccurate when calculating the TFT.According to the definition of TFT,the temperature of coke into raceway and the reduction rate of SiO2 in ash of coke and pulverized coal were obtained by analyzing the samples before tuyere in blast furnace.Taking full account of different factors,a modified model for calculating the TFT in blast furnace was established.The effects of the oxygen enrichment rate,the reduction rate of SiO2 in raceway,the ash content in coke and pulverized coal and the pulverized coal injection(PCI)rate on TFT were determined quantitatively.The modified model was applied to selecting the used coal for PCI in blast furnace.Considering the different SiO2 contents of mixed coal,the calculated TFT remained a stable level.This showed that the selected coal could be suitable for PCI in blast furnace.     

Numerical Analysis of Blast Furnace Performance Under Charging Iron-Bearing Burdens With High Reducibility

The reducibility of iron-bearing burdens was emphasized for improving the operation efficiency of blast furnace. The blast furnace operation of charging the burdens with high reducibility has been numerically evaluated using a multi-fluid blast furnace model. The effects of reaction rate constants and diffusion coefficients were investigated separately or simultaneously for clarifying the variations of furnace state. According to the model simulation results, in the upper zone, the indirect reduction of the burdens proceeds at a faster rate and the shaft efficiency is enhanced with the improvement under the conditions of interface reaction and intra-particle diffusion. In the lower zone, direct reduction in molten slag is restrained. As a consequence, CO utilization of top gas is enhanced and the ratio of direct reduction is decreased. It is possible to achieve higher energy efficiency of the blast furnace, and this is represented by the improvement in productivity and the decrease in consumption of reducing agent. The use of high-reducibility burdens contributes to a better performance of blast furnace. More efforts are necessary to develop and apply high-reducibility sinter and carbon composite agglomerates for practical application at a blast furnace.     

Numerical Analysis of Blast Furnace Performance Under Charging IronBearing Burdens With High Reducibility

The reducibility of ironbearing burdens was emphasized for improving the operation efficiency of blast furnace. The blast furnace operation of charging the burdens with high reducibility has been numerically evaluated using a multifluid blast furnace model. The effects of reaction rate constants and diffusion coefficients were investigated separately or simultaneously for clarifying the variations of furnace state. According to the model simulation results, in the upper zone, the indirect reduction of the burdens proceeds at a faster rate and the shaft efficiency is enhanced with the improvement under the conditions of interface reaction and intraparticle diffusion. In the lower zone, direct reduction in molten slag is restrained. As a consequence, CO utilization of top gas is enhanced and the ratio of direct reduction is decreased. It is possible to achieve higher energy efficiency of the blast furnace, and this is represented by the improvement in productivity and the decrease in consumption of reducing agent. The use of highreducibility burdens contributes to a better performance of blast furnace. More efforts are necessary to develop and apply highreducibility sinter and carbon composite agglomerates for practical application at a blast furnace.     

Mathematical Model Development of Raceway Parameters and Their Effects on Corex Process

  Corex is an alternative ironmaking process and raceway is one of the important areas to maintain the stability of the furnace. The raceway parameters are well established for blast furnace operation. But for Corex process, it has not yet been established and optimized. Thus, a mathematical model was developed to determine various raceway parameters such as RAFT (raceway adiabatic flame temperature), tuyere gas velocity and kinetic energy. The model provides an idea about the raceway geometry, zone temperature and kinetic energy accumulated in tuyere gas. Besides, all the raceway parameters have been analyzed to find out their effects on the Corex process. It is found that RAFT influences the gasification reaction kinetics and higher RAFT generates more CO in reduction gas, which improves the metallisation degree of the DRI in shaft. It is also found that increased gas velocity and kinetic energy generate more fines and demand more coke to maintain char bed permeability. High coke rate increases the production cost and lowers the production of hot metal.     

Gas-Particle Flow and Combustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Injection in Blast Furnace Raceway

The two-dimensional steady-state discrete phase mathematical model is developed to analyze gas-particle flow and combustion characteristics of coal particles,as well as components concentration and temperature distribution of coal gas in the process of pulverized coal injection of blast furnace raceway.The results show that a great deal of coal gas discharges on the top of raceway away from the tuyere,and the residence time of coal particles in the region of blowpipe and tuyere is 20 ms or so and 50 ms when it reaches raceway boundary.The pressure is the highest at the bottom of raceway and the maximal temperature is about 2423 K.The char combustion is mainly carried out in the raceway and the maximum of char burn-out rate attains 3×10-4 kg/s.     

Cold Model Study of Coal Gas Component Concentration Distribution in Blast Furnace Raceway

 Primary distribution of coal gas in blast furnace raceway has an important effect on combustion of coke and pulverized coal injection, as well as whole ironmaking process. According to practical production parameters of No. 5 blast furnace in Chongqing iron &; steel Co. LTD, the theoretical calculation model recommended by Nomura is adopted to determine penetration depth, height and width of raceway. Three-dimensional cold model of blast furnace raceway is established. Coal gas component concentration distribution of vertical section and cross section in blast furnace raceway is simulated using natural gas.     

Numerical Simulation of Innovative Operation of Blast Furnace Based on MultiFluid Model

A multifluid blast furnace model was simply introduced and was used to simulate several innovative ironmaking operations. The simulation results show that injecting hydrogen bearing materials, especially injecting natural gas and plastics, the hydrogen reduction is enhanced, and the furnace performance is improved simultaneously. Total heat input shows obvious decrease due to the decrease of heat consumption in direct reduction, solution loss and silicon transfer reactions. If carbon composite agglomerates are charged into the furnace, the temperature of thermal reserve zone will obviously decrease, and the reduction of ironbearing burden materials will be retarded. However, the efficiency of blast furnace is improved just due to the decrease in heat requirements for solution loss, sinter reduction, and silicon transfer reactions, and less heat loss through top gas and furnace wall. Finally, the model is used to investigate the performance of blast furnace under the condition of top gas recycling together with plastics injection, cold oxygen blasting and carbon composite agglomerate charging. The lower furnace temperature, extremely accelerated reduction rate, drastically decreased CO2 emission and remarkably enhanced heat efficiency were obtained by using the innovative operations, and the blast furnace operation with superhigh efficiency can be realized.     

Particle size segregation in hopper at a bell-less top blast furnace with parallel hoppers

Owing to a certain angle existing between a belt conveyor and the parallel hoppers,and the hoppers localizing away from the centerlines of a blast furnace,particles size segregation is likely to happen in a bell-less top blast furnace with parallel hoppers.Mastering the law of particles size segregation in hoppers could help to choose better charging parameters and optimize production and technical indices.As for the previous works on burden segregation at a bell-less top blast furnace with parallel hopp...     

鼓风参数对炉顶煤气循环高炉的影响分析

针对炉顶煤气循环高炉(TGRBF)的工艺特点,建立了此工艺的数学模型,根据模型的计算流程和给定的条件数据,计算出了一种给定条件下TGRBF的基本工艺参数,焦比180kg/t,煤比200kg/t,直接还原度为0.15;通过调整设定的鼓风温度和鼓风中的氧气含量,得出这2个参数变化对焦比、循环煤气量、鼓风量、炉顶煤气中CO含量、风口焦炭燃烧比例、循环煤气的富余量等参数的影响。     

氧气高炉工业化试验研究

在8m2氧气高炉上进行了工业化试验,试验氧气高炉炉缸和炉身各设1排风口,炉缸风口喷吹氧气和煤粉,炉身风口喷吹预热的焦炉煤气.试验结果表明:氧气高炉可以实现全氧大喷煤炼铁生产,吨铁喷煤量可以达到450kg,生产效率大幅度提高;炉身吨铁喷吹180ms预热焦炉煤气以后,焦比降低90kg,煤比降低50kg,生产效率提高约20%...     

高炉喷吹还原气操作的数学模拟研究

副产煤气的高效利用对钢铁产业的节能降耗和环境保护意义重大。为此,提出了一个新的高炉风口喷吹高炉、转炉和焦炉煤气技术,并利用多流体高炉模型对其进行了详细模拟研究,预测了炉内现象和操作性能的变化。在维持回旋区温度、炉腹煤气量及渣面处铁水温度一致的条件下,模拟结果表明与现行常规操作相比,风口喷吹煤气后炉身温度下降,但整个炉内H₂/CO浓度显著提高,炉身烧结矿间接还原加速,产量明显增加,热利用效率明显改善。其中喷吹焦炉煤气效果最为显著,高炉CO₂产生量大幅度降低。随工艺氧制备等技术的进步,高炉喷吹副产煤气技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

Mathematical Modeling and Exergy Analysis of Blast Furnace Operation With Natural Gas Injection

Blast furnace operation with natural gas (NG) injection is one of the effective measures to save energy, reduce CO₂ emission, and decrease environmental load for iron and steel industry. Numerical simulations on blast furnace operation with NG injection through tuyeres are performed in this paper by raceway mathematical model, multi‐fluid blast furnace model, and exergy analytical model. With increasing NG injection volume, the simulation results are shown as follows: (1) the theoretical flame temperature and bosh gas volume can be constant by decreasing blast volume and increasing oxygen enrichment. (2) The utilization rate of CO enhances while that of H₂ decreases. The proportion of H₂ in indirect reduction tends to be increased, which accelerates the reduction of burdens. The pressure drop shows that the permeability of blast furnace gets better. The blast furnace productivity is increased from 2.07 to 3.08 t · m^?3 · day^?1. The silicon content in hot metal is decreased from 0.26% to 0.05%. When BF operation with 125.4 kg · tHM^?1 NG injection, coke rate and carbon emission rate are decreased by 27.2% and 32.2%, respectively. (3) The thermodynamic perfection degree is increased from 88.40% to 90.50%, the exergy efficiency is decreased from 51.94% to 49.02% and the chemical exergy of top gas is increased from 4.69 to 6.22 GJ · tHM^?1. It is important to strengthen the recycling of top gas.     

高炉喷吹COREX脱CO2顶煤气的数值分析

 COREX脱CO₂顶煤气作为一种优质富氢气体,直接喷吹进入高炉可有效降低高炉燃料消耗。建立了高炉喷吹COREX脱CO₂顶煤气静态工艺模型,研究高炉喷气对风口理论燃烧温度、炉腹煤气量、炉腹煤气成分、风口回旋区形状、直接还原度、节焦效果等因素的影响,并进一步探究了提高风温作为热补偿措施后的适宜喷气量。研究结果表明,不采取热补偿措施条件下,随着COREX脱CO₂顶煤气喷吹量的增加,理论燃烧温度逐渐降低,炉腹煤气量逐渐升高,高炉直接还原度降低。以维持理论燃烧温度和炉腹煤气量稳定为标准,风温相对基准提高30、60、90 ℃后,可接受喷吹的煤气量为45.4、85.5、123.3 m3/t。热补偿后,随着喷气量增加,鼓风量逐渐降低,富氧率逐渐升高。炉腹煤气中的CO及H₂含量随喷气量增加而增加,每增加10 m3/t的COREX煤气喷吹量,炉腹煤气中总的还原气体体积分数增加0.46 %,直接还原度降低0.006,节约焦炭1.48 kg/t。     

炉顶煤气循环氧气高炉一维气固换热与反应动力学模型

结合风口回旋区燃烧和炉外煤气预热、脱除和循环的平衡关系,建立了氧气高炉一维气固换热与反应动力学模型,并采用传统高炉的运行和解剖数据对模型进行了验证分析.通过模型研究了氧气含量和上部循环煤气流量对氧气高炉炉内过程变量的影响规律.结果表明:氧气含量偏低和上部循环煤气流量不足时,会降低铁矿石还原效果,炉渣内出现大量未还原铁氧化物;氧气含量和上部循环煤气流量的提高可以有效提高炉内CO含量和铁矿石还原速度,但提高上部循环煤气流量会大幅提升炉顶煤气温度,增大热量损失.与传统高炉相比,氧气高炉内CO含量提高1.0~1.5倍,炉内气体还原性更强;铁矿石还原完成位置提高1.49 m,全炉还原反应速度更快;直接还原度降低55.2%~79.2%,炉内直接还原反应消耗的碳量更少.      

A brief consideration about PCI of COREX melter-gasifier

By analyzing the thermal and burden structure conditions inside the melter-gasifier of COREX process,the advantage and disadvantage of PCI into the melter-gasifier are clarified.The influence of PCI on the running condition inside the furnace is analyzed based on the information from production operation and mathematical and physical simulations,and measures to tackle with the problems arising from PCI are proposed.The main results are as follows.①Due to the unfavorable conditions for coking of coal in t...     

高炉富氧喷吹焦炉煤气理论研究

 用计算模拟富氧喷吹焦炉煤气以后高炉直接还原度、焦比、入炉风量、炉腹煤气量、理论燃烧温度和炉顶煤气的变化,同时分析了富氧喷吹焦炉煤气对高炉冶炼可能带来的影响。计算结果表明：在保证高炉热量和理论燃烧温度满足高炉正常生产前提下,选择合适的富氧率和焦炉煤气喷吹量,可以使焦比降低至291kg/t,CO2的排放量减少6.1%,并且提高了煤气利用价值,增加企业的经济和环境效益。     

马钢2500m3高炉原燃料劣化条件下降低焦比的生产实践

在马钢2号2500m3高炉的生产实践中为了进一步降低生铁成本,提高大型高炉的综合经济效益,针对原燃料质量持续劣化的现状,通过采取小块焦回收再利用、强化入炉料管理、改善喷吹煤质量、优化上下部调剂、稳定炉温和改善渣系、高风温及富氧综合喷吹、高顶压操作、加强炉型管理等一系列措施,使煤比大幅度提升,焦比显著降低。在燃料比无明显变化的情况下,焦比降低到320kg/t,与2012年相比,焦比降低了60~70kg/t,高炉利用系数稳定在2.4t/(m3·d)。     

高炉富氧喷吹还原性气体工艺分析

为降低高炉炼铁中固体碳耗、高效利用冶金高温副产煤气,提出高炉富氧喷吹还原性气体工艺流程,建立基于物料平衡与热平衡的高炉数学模型,并修正了理论燃烧温度计算公式。应用该模型分别对传统高炉、炉缸富氧喷吹还原性气体以及炉身喷吹循环煤气的炼铁流程进行技术参数分析。结果表明,炉缸富氧喷吹还原性气体以及炉身喷吹循环煤气的炼铁流程中,当氧气浓度达到50%、炉缸还原性气体喷吹量为267 m3/t时,焦比为291 kg/t,煤比为150 kg/t,直接还原度为0.195,相比传统高炉,燃料比降低109 kg/t,综合能耗降低4.8%。还原性气体温度每升高100 ℃,可多喷吹5.8 m3左右的还原性气体,降低焦比约5.5 kg/t;还原性气体喷吹量对理论燃烧温度影响较大,炉缸每喷吹1 m3/t、1 000 ℃的还原性气体,理论燃烧温度可降低约1.9 ℃。