炼油厂常减压装置节能新措施

降低常减压装置的能耗对炼油厂节能具有重要意义。本文分析了该装置的用能特点和存在的问题 ,针对其用能三环节总结和讨论了目前国内节能的新措施 ,并对其节能效果进行了评价分析。     

崔化装置的能耗分析与节能改造建议

文章简要介绍上海高桥石化公司炼油厂1#催化裂化装置运用基础能耗的分析方法，找出存在的问题，提出了一个行之有效的节能改造方法，能降低装置综合能耗约752．69MJ／t，大大改善装置能耗偏大的问题。     

常减压装置换热网络优化应用

常减压装置是炼油能耗大户,其用能水平的高低对炼油厂综合能耗有较大影响。而在完成装置核心工艺的用能优化基础上再进行换热网络优化,是常减压装置的节能重点。应用AspenPlus流程模拟软件,建立某炼油厂常减压装置及换热网络流程模拟模型,并应用热集成技术及夹点技术对装置进行用能分析,对常减压及换热网络进行热集成优化,提出操作优化方案和改造优化方案,提高常减压装置的用能水平和热回收水平。操作优化实施后,装置每年产生的实际经济效益为476.5万元。另结合夹点技术对换热网络进行了三个层面的分析,首先应用夹点技术绘制过程负荷性能图,查看换热网络有无违背夹点换热原则;然后查找有无交叉换热的换热器;最后对可利用的低温余热进行有效利用。提出了相应的改造优化方案,改造方案实施后,预计每年为企业节省400万元的操作成本。     

优化改造延迟焦化装置能量系统

根据焦化过程的用能特点，分析了延迟焦化装置节能的途径；以过程系统三环节能量综合优化方法为指导，运用流程模拟技术，对炼油厂500kt／a延迟焦化装置进行了能量系统优化改造，通过回流取热优化，增抽高温住蜡油循环取热产生1.0MPa蒸汽，以及回收装置低温热供水处理站江水预热．使得装置能耗大幅度降低，税后年利润达254万元。     

常减压装置的用能分析

本文采用“基准能耗”的方法，对常减压装置进行用能分析，对于科学地评价装置的用能水平，诊断其节能潜力，提高能运管理水平是很有意义的。     

空调冷冻装置节能对策

从生产现状出发,通过对空调冷冻装置采取多种节能措施,以及对提高节能水平和用能水平的过程进行分析总结,从而整合优化生产工艺,降低装置能耗。     

利用信息技术优化常减压装置的用能

原油常减压蒸馏装置耗能极大,约占整个炼油厂炼油用能最的20％～30％,该装置能耗的高低取决于常减压蒸馏塔的操作水平和换热网络能最回收利用的水平．采用流程模拟技术和热集成技术．对常减压装置用能情况进行分析．综合考虑常,减压拔出率与装置用能之间关系,找出两者之间的最佳操作点．可以优化常减压装置操作并提高换热网络热回收水平．提高原油换热终温．降低常减压装置能耗。     

延迟焦化装置的能耗分析及节能途径探索

以某石化公司炼油厂1．2Mt／a延迟焦化装置为例。从延迟焦化系统和吸收脱硫系统两方面,对装置能耗结构进行了分析。分析表明燃料、电是主要的消耗能源,使用先进的工艺和设备技术是节能的关键,装置的设计处理能力是影响能耗的先决因素。若要进一步降低能耗以应对原料性质变化、节约电能,则优化换热流程、进行装置热联合是提高装置热回收率的途径之一;进一步强化对流换热,降低加热炉排烟温度、减少热损失、减少燃料消耗是进一步降低装置能耗的关键。     

氯乙烯生产中能量的优化集成

通过对换热网络夹点技术的分析应用,提出了公司氯乙烯装置用能的优化节能改造方案,进一步提高热能利用效率,肯定了运用过程系统能量的的优化集成技术所带来的节能效应,使企业达到降低能耗、增加效益、提高能源利用率的目的。     

加氢装置节能途径探讨

<正>当前我国正朝着后工业化发展阶段迈进。随着炼油业原料中重质原油占比的日趋增大，我国炼油业也正面临着转型升级的严峻形势。为满足对高标准燃料生产的清洁化要求，炼油厂持续新建加氢装置，或对已建成装置进行改造升级，致使加氢装置能耗占炼油厂能耗的比例也随之增加。降低加氢装置的能耗，对于提高炼油厂生存能力和发展空间、推动炼油业碳达峰碳中和发展战略目标的实现，将起到重要作用。     

常减压装置能耗分析与节能途径探讨

镇海炼油化工股份有限公司3套常减压装置经过改造，综合能耗达到10．7kg标油／t的国内先进水平，然而与《基准能耗》相比，仍有一定差距。文章从能量的转换、工艺利用、回收3个环节对装置能耗进行入深入分析，在工艺操作上、换热流程优化上提出进一步降低能耗的措施。     

机械抽真空技术在大型常减压蒸馏装置的应用

机械抽真空技术具有能耗低、结构紧凑、占地少的特点。本文详细介绍了该技术在6．0Mt／a常减压蒸馏装置应用情况。     

Thermal coupling between crude distillation and delayed coking units

The paper presents an industrial case study. Crude distillation unit (CDU) and delayed coking unit (DCU) are important plants in oil refineries, presenting huge energy consumption, especially due to high flowrates of process material streams. Any acceptable solution for energy saving is important in this context. The idea of thermal coupling between these two plants is good as they have potential to exchange energy, but the problem is to choose the most appropriate way to do it. The objective of this work is to present the possibility to exchange energy between the two plants, continuing a previous work [Energy saving by integration of CDU-delayed coke plants, third Conference, Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction––PRES 2000, P7.72], where a part of the solution was already presented. The difficulty to find a solution arisen from the fact that DCU is working semi-continuous. More insights in the process allowed finding new possibilities, more attractive for rational use of energy, with better applicability. A feasibility study will be performed to give also economic sound of all the implications for the modifications proposed.     

常减压换热网络的优化改进和优化控制

对结构已定或正在运行的常减压换热网络,在操作夹点附近设置旁路,通过对旁路流量的优化控制,使换热网络在某些过程物流的流量、温度发生变化时,换热网络的换热仍能满足工艺上的换热要求,公用工程能量消耗在现有的换热设备的基础上接近最小公用工程消耗量。     

Assessment of CO2 emissions and its reduction potential in the Korean petroleum refining industry using energy-environment models

We assessed potential future CO₂ reduction in the Korean petroleum refining industry by investigating five new technologies for energy savings and CO₂ mitigation using a hybrid SD-LEAP model: crude oil distillation units (CDU), vacuum distillation units (VDU), light gas-oil hydro-desulfurization units (LGO HDS), and the vacuum residue hydro-desulfurization (VR HDS) process. The current and future demand for refining industry products in Korea was estimated using the SD model. The required crude oil input amounts are expected to increase from 139 million tons in 2008 to 154 million tons in 2030 in the baseline scenario. The current and future productivity of the petroleum refining industry was predicted, and this prediction was substituted into the LEAP model which analyzed energy consumption and CO₂ emissions from the refining processes in the BAU scenario. We expect that new technology and alternative scenarios will reduce CO₂ emissions by 0.048% and 0.065% in the national and industrial sectors, respectively.     

Revamp study of crude distillation unit heat exchanger network: Energy integration potential of delayed coking unit free hot streams

This work addresses the revamp study of the crude distillation unit (CDU) heat exchanger network (HEN) of a typical refinery with and without the consideration of the free hot streams available in the delayed coking unit (DCU). Based on pinch design method, two sub-cases of revamp study have been considered namely (a) installation of new heat exchangers for the entire network and (b) reutilization of existing heat exchangers. Based on the study, it has been evaluated that the revamp design of existing CDU HEN without considering the DCU free hot streams allows the enhancement of heat integration by 4.73% with respect to that available for the base case. On the other hand, the heat integration potential of DCU free hot streams is evaluated to enhance energy integration by 15.66% (with respect to the base case) with a simultaneous reduction of furnace duty by 37.1% and cooling water duties by 89.8%. Of various cases considered, the most attractive option corresponds to the partial revamp of CDU HEN along with DCU free hot streams that involve the reutilization of existing heat exchangers. The profitability analysis of this option concludes that the revamp design needs an additional investment of 2.68 M$ to enhance annual profit by 1.58 M$ with a payback period of 1.9 years. Thereby, the heat integration potential of DCU free hot streams is inferred to be significant and marks an important choice amongst different key revamp parameters associated to heat exchanger networks.     

淮海农场家庭生活用能和能源消费的分析研究

江苏省国营淮海农场家庭生活用能正处于商品能加速替代非商品能的时期,连续5年的家庭生活能调查表明,用能品种结构变化较大,电子和液化气消费迅速增加,而秸秆和煤炭的使用在下降;人均能源消费量相对稳定,但有效能消费却略有上升;分析表明,人均能源消费与人均收入、户均人口和人均作物收获量有一定的相关性,对农村家庭能源消费的性质,中国小康农村家庭能源消费的基本特征等一般问题进行了讨论。     

The relationship among energy prices and energy consumption in China

The pricing mechanism for energy is not in line with the international standards, because the energy prices are controlled by the government partly or completely in China. Chinese government made a lot of efforts to improve the pricing mechanism for energy. The relations between Chinese energy prices and energy consumption are the foundations to reform the mechanism. In this paper, the relations between Chinese energy consumption and energy prices are researched by cointegration equations, impulse response functions, granger causality and variance decomposition. The cointegration relations among energy prices, energy consumption and economic outputs show that higher energy price will decrease energy consumption in Chinese industrial sectors but will not reduce the economic output in the long run. The cointegration relation between energy price and household energy consumption shows that higher energy price will decrease household energy consumption in the long run and increase it in the short run. So Chinese government should deepen the reform of pricing mechanism for energy, and increase the energy prices reasonably to save energy.     

Energy consumption and economic growth in New Zealand: Results of trivariate and multivariate models

This study examines the energy consumption–growth nexus in New Zealand. Causal linkages between energy and macroeconomic variables are investigated using trivariate demand-side and multivariate production models. Long run and short run relationships are estimated for the period 1960–2004. The estimated results of demand model reveal a long run relationship between energy consumption, real GDP and energy prices. The short run results indicate that real GDP Granger-causes energy consumption without feedback, consistent with the proposition that energy demand is a derived demand. Energy prices are found to be significant for energy consumption outcomes. Production model results indicate a long run relationship between real GDP, energy consumption and employment. The Granger-causality is found from real GDP to energy consumption, providing additional evidence to support the neoclassical proposition that energy consumption in New Zealand is fundamentally driven by economic activities. Inclusion of capital in the multivariate production model shows short run causality from capital to energy consumption. Also, changes in real GDP and employment have significant predictive power for changes in real capital.     

农村住宅能源使用结构的分析研究

以湖南宁乡县莘田、江湾两村为研究对象,对农村住宅能耗情况进行了调查分析。莘田村为常规能源使用村,江湾村为沼气普及村。文章对比分析了两村的能耗现状及产生该现状的原因,进而定量分析了沼气替代生物质能和一次能源所带来的经济和环境效益。结论表明,以生物质能占据重要比例,多种能源并存的复杂能源结构在农村住宅用能中仍处于主导地位,且能耗量还处于较高水平;沼气的推广使用对优化能源使用结构,降低总能耗量及农户经济支出,减少有害气体的排放量以及保护生态平衡等具有积极作用。常规能源和生态能源两者的对比分析,为农村住宅能耗的未来发展提供了指导依据。