国际私法中意思自治原则的新发展及其价值分析

现代国际私法中的意思自治原则呈现出许多新的发展趋势：意思自治原则的适用领域不断扩张;意思自治原则和最密切联系原则趋于一种融合;弱者保护在意思自治原则中得以体现。意思自治原则的扩张符合私法自治的精神并有助于实现传统冲突法所追求的价值目标;最密切联系与意思自治原则的融合有助于确定性与灵活性的和谐统一,从而实现冲突规范的价值平衡;弱者保护在意思自治原则中的体现与现代国际私法追求实质正义的价值目标相一致,并有助于实现国际私法的人文精神。     

论国际私法中意思自治原则的扩张与限制——兼评《适用法解释一》的相关规定

国际私法中意思自治原则的实质即对当事人选择法律的自由与限制。意思自治原则在国际私法中的扩张主要表现在其适用领域的扩大、当事人选法范围的增加、突破实质性联系的束缚、选择法律时间的延长、赋予默示选择效力、例外条款不适用于意思自治等。但意思自治原则并不是没有限制的,主要体现在适用领域的限制、强制性规定的限制、基于保护弱方权益的限制、公共秩序保留的限制。我国立法及司法解释都对意思自治原则的扩张与限制作出了回应。意思自治原则的扩张与限制是"人本"思想在国际私法中最为直接的体现,恰当地将形式正义与实质正义相结合,生动地展示了国际私法的确定性与灵活性。     

浅析《涉外民事关系法律适用法》中的意思自治原则

随着涉外民事关系适用法的制定和相关司法解释的出台,意思自治原则已成为国际私法基本原则,其适用范围扩大。国际私法领域和民法领域中的意思自治原则具有内涵、本质重合性,同时也存在诸多差异。涉外法律的完善使意思自治原则在适用问题上有所发展。     

当事人意思自治与现代仲裁法

当事人意思自治与现代仲裁法江伟一、当事人意思自治原则当事人意思自治原则是在国际私法上关于合同法律适用的理论中提出的，但它的意义绝不止于国际私法。在市场经济条件下，当事人的意思自治显得更为重要。这一原则与契约自由有着天然的联系，它字于契约自由的产生，但...     

网络国际私法中的意思自治原则

网络技术的进步对社会生活产生了深远而广泛的影响,国际私法为了回应这种影响,也在不断地调整和发展自身,形成了诸多理论。以传统国际私法的三个领域——管辖权、法律选择与涉外争端解决程序领域为出发点,分析现实生活中已经出现的各种客观性因应,指出其不足之处,提出主观性因应的可能性;并着重比较最密切联系原则与意思自治原则对于网络国际私法的影响,试图证明意思自治原则更适宜网络环境,应该成为网络国际私法中的主要适用原则。     

限制“意思自治原则”的法律制度新探

限制“意思自治原则”的法律制度新探丁伟意思自治原则是各国作为确定涉外合同之债准据法的基本原则之一，历来是各国国际私法理论研究的重要课题。一、意思自治原则的演变意思自治原则源于被西方国家视为合同法＂灵魂＂的＂契约自由＂原则。意思自治原则由１６世纪法国法...     

国际私法中意思自治原则的新发展与我国立法的完善

国际私法中意思自治原则的新发展与我国立法的完善＠肖永平，喻术红所谓意思自治原则，是指合同双方当事人有权选择某一国的法律作为他们之间的合同准据法。现在，意思自治原则已经得到了世界各国的普遍接受，但不同国家对意思自治原则的接受程度、范围和方式有所不同。综...     

论意思自治原则在涉外侵权中的扩张适用

当事人意思自治原则从传统的合同法律适用领域扩张适用于涉外侵权准据法的选择中,这已经成为各国的共识.由于传统的惯性思维以及对意思自治原则滥用的担心,国内外仍然大量存在着限制侵权法律适用意思自治原则的立法和主张.这显然不符合国际私法的发展趋势.在涉外侵权法律关系中,不仅要适用当事人意思自治原则,还要在选择主体、选择范围、选择时间、选择方式、决定事项等问题上扩张适用意思自治原则.     

论当事人意思自治原则之扩张

论当事人意思自治原则之扩张吕岩峰近年来，在国际私法领域，当事人意思自治原则的适用范围表现出两种引人注目的动态：一方面是在特殊的合同领域限制这一原则的适用，对诸如消费合同、劳动雇佣合同等趋向于排除当事人的意思自治；另一方面则是这一原则在其他领域的扩张，...     

涉外民事关系法律适用法在审判实践中面临的几个问题（下）

四、意思自治原则之适用 意思自治原则作为私法领域的重要原则,同样在国际私法上得到各国的广泛承认和运用。该原则是指当事人可以通过双方的协议选择支配之间民商事关系的法律。该原则最初仅适用於合同关系所适用的法律,其法理基础是,既然当事人可以依据合同自由创设他们之间的权利义务,当然有权利选择指导他们所签协议的准据法．     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.