心室重塑患者瘦素抵抗与胰岛素抵抗及其相关性研究

目的:探讨不同基础病因的心室重塑患者血浆瘦素、可溶性瘦素受体水平的改变及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法:选择心室重塑患者(心室重塑组,η=180)和体检正常者(对照组,η=60)采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆瘦素及可溶性瘦素受体、空腹胰岛素的浓度,同时常规测空腹血糖、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、体重指数、腰臀比等指标.采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪测量心室重塑患者左心室舒张末期间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室舒张末期内径及左心室射血分数值,计算左心室质量指数.结果:心室重塑组血浆瘦素、空腹胰岛素均高于对照组[(12.22±6.10)ng/ml vs(8.89±5.27)ng/ml,P<0.01];[(14.37±7.19)ng/ml vs(10.48±5.17)ng/ml,P<0.01],可溶性瘦素受体水平低于对照组[(124.08±62.12)ng/ml v8(164.23±69.60)ng/ml,P<0.01],差异均有统计学显著意义;其中缺血性心肌病患者血浆瘦素和空腹胰岛素水平最高,较高血压性心脏病和扩张型心肌病患者差异有统计学显著意义(P<0.01).可溶性瘦素受体呈现相反的变化,以对照组最高,其次为扩张型心肌病、高血压性心脏病和缺血性心肌病患者.结论:心室重塑患者存在高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗.瘦素抵抗和胰岛素抵抗与心室重塑密切相关.     

肝炎后肝硬化患者血清瘦素测定的临床意义

目的　检测肝炎肝硬化患者血清瘦素水平 ,并探讨瘦素与肝硬化患者肝功能、胰岛素抵抗及其营养参数之间的关系。方法　 2 0 0 2 - 0 3～ 2 0 0 3- 0 1河北医科大学第二医院 32例男性肝炎肝硬化患者及 14名男性健康受试者均测定空腹血糖 (FPG)、空腹胰岛素 (FINS)和瘦素 ,同时测量肝硬化患者的营养参数 ,并对肝硬化患者进行Child -pugh分级。结果　肝硬化患者血清瘦素水平显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 . 0 5 ) ;但依据Child -pugh分级后的 3组肝硬化患者间的血清瘦素水平差异无显著性 (P >0 . 0 5 ) ;血清瘦素水平与体重指数 (BMI)、三头肌皮褶厚度 (TSF)及FINS均呈显著性正相关 (r值分别为 0 . 343、0 .340和 0 . 35 2 ,P值均 <0 . 0 5 ) ,而与肌酐身高指数 (CHI)及胰岛素敏感指数 (ISI)均呈负相关 (r值分别为 - 0 .36 0和 - 0 . 4 16 ,P值均 <0 . 0 5 )。结论　肝炎肝硬化患者血清瘦素水平的改变可能与肝功能无关 ,但参与了肝硬化的营养不良和胰岛素抵抗。     

肝硬化患者胰岛素抵抗的另一可能机制初近探

肝硬化患行普遍存在高胰岛素血症(1ns)和胰岛素抵抗,胰岛素样生长因子I(1GF-I)的合成受Ins的影响.为探ICF-Ⅰ及其结合蛋门-3(IGFBP-3)与肝硬化患者胰岛素抵抗的关系,本文应用放射免疫法检测了65例肝硬化患者血清IGF-Ⅰ和IGFBP-3及Ins水平.结果表明肝硬化患者血清IGF-Ⅰ和IGFBP-3水平下降(100.49±38.11ng/ml对352.55±153.61ng/ml,P＜0.001;45.02±16.21nm01/L对114.50±27.09nm01/L,P＜0.001),而Ins水平明显升高(30.38±13.21对5.69±3.47,P＜0.001),IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-3与His呈负相关(P＜0.01).结论肝硬化患者存在胰岛素抵抗,IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-3可能与肝硬化患者的胰岛素抵抗有关.     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血脂联素和瘦素的影响

目的 观察胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮(ROS)对初发2型糖尿病患者血脂联素和瘦素的影响,探讨该类药物作用与血脂联素和瘦素的关系.方法 选择初发2型糖尿病患者58例,给予ROS每日4 mg,治疗4周后,比较治疗前后患者胰岛素抵抗程度及血脂联素和瘦素水平的变化.结果 ROS治疗后,空腹血糖、胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),血脂联素水平增高(P＜0.01),血瘦素水平治疗前后无统计学意义.结论 ROS改善胰岛素抵抗可能与其提升血脂联素水平密切相关.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血清瘦素水平与肝纤维化程度相关

目的研究血清瘦素与慢性乙型肝炎肝脏炎症和肝纤维化程度之间的关系.方法20例慢性乙型肝炎患者在聚乙二醇α-2a干扰素治疗前及治疗48周、随访24周后进行肝穿刺病理学检查,另20例患者进行1次肝穿刺.采用ELISA方法检测40例慢性乙型肝炎患者血清瘦素水平,20名健康人作为对照组,对血清瘦素与肝组织炎症分级、纤维化分期间的关系进行分析.结果慢性乙型肝炎患者血清瘦素水平(12.89±7.47)ng/ml明显高于健康对照组(2.57±1.29)ng/ml,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).S0(5例)、S1(14例)、S2(16例)、S3(14例)、S4(11例)期肝纤维化血清瘦素水平分别为(2.62±0.89)ng/ml、(5.26±1.60)ng/ml、(13.15±4.52)ng/ml、(17.08±3.78)ng/ml、(21.56±5.89)ng/ml,随纤维化程度加重,血清瘦素水平增加;血清瘦素水平与肝组织纤维化分期成正相关(r=0.845,P＜0.01).20例患者在聚乙二醇α-2a干扰素治疗前、后肝组织纤维化计分分别为10.91±6.32和7.43±4.15,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗前、后血清瘦素水平分别为18.35±4.93和13.57±5.39,差异有统计学意义(P=0.006).G0(4例)、G1(12例)、G2(22例)、G3(16例)、G4(6例)级炎症血清瘦素水平分别为(2.66±1.03)ng/ml、(9.04±4.92)ng/ml、(13.22±7.38)ng/ml、(16.19±7.71)ng/ml、(17.41±4.25)ng/ml,G0与G1级、G1与G2级患者血清瘦素水平差异无统计学意义(P=0.006),G2、G3、G4级患者血清瘦素水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),G3～G4级患者血清瘦素水平与G1级相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论血清瘦素与慢性乙型肝炎肝组织纤维化分期密切相关.     

肝硬化患者血清瘦素水平变化及相关因素分析

目的 探讨瘦素在肝硬化发生、发展中的作用.方法 对44例肝硬化患者(肝硬化组)和17例健康查体者(正常对照组)进行血清瘦素、空腹血糖(FPG)、胰岛素(FINS)水平测定并分析相关因素.结果 肝硬化组血清瘦素水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01),肝功能Child-pugh B、C级者显著多于A级(P<0.05);血清瘦素水平与FINS、FPG、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)呈显著正相关,FINS是瘦素的显著预测因子.结论 肝硬化患者瘦素水平显著升高;其可能通过胰岛素抵抗诱发肝性糖尿病.     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清胃促生长素和瘦素水平变化

目的检测乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清胃促生长素(Ghrelin)和瘦素(Leptin)水平变化,并探讨其与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法在Child A级(n=33)、B级(n=32)和C级(n=32)乙型肝炎肝硬化患者和35例健康人,常规检测血清空腹血糖(FPG)和空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IRS);采用酶联免疫吸附法检测Ghrelin和Leptin。结果 Child A级、B级和C级乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清FPG[分别为(5.55±0.47)mmol/L、(6.62±0.58)mmol/L和(7.37±0.73)mmol/L]、FINS[分别为(14.31±2.12)m IU/L、(15.56±2.21)m IU/L、(16.78±2.32)m IU/L]水平和IRS[分别为(3.63±0.47)、(4.72±0.56)和(5.48±0.77)]均明显高于健康人[分别为(4.74±0.36)mmol/L、(13.17±2.02)m IU/L和(2.85±0.39),P0.05),且与病情严重程度呈正相关(r1=0.627,r2=0.671,r3=0.714,P0.05);各组乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清Ghrelin[分别为(170.81±37.15)ng/L、(131.90±28.66)ng/L和(94.74±25.38)ng/L)水平较健康人[(208.14±40.36)ng/L]明显降低,且随着Child分级变差而逐级下降(P0.05),与IRS呈负相关(r4=-0.617,P0.05);各组乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清Leptin水平[分别为(12.17±3.57)μg/L、(15.26±3.81)μg/L和(18.09±4.10)μg/L]较健康人[(9.54±3.32)μg/L]明显升高,且随着Child分级变差而逐级升高(P0.05),与IRS呈正相关(r5=0.642,P0.05)。结论乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清Ghrelin和Leptin水平与胰岛素抵抗密切相关,临床检测血清Ghrelin和Leptin水平对判断病情严重程度具有重要的临床价值。     

心力衰竭患者血清脂联素水平与心功能的相关性研究

目的 探讨心力衰竭(简称心衰)患者血清脂联素水平与心衰严重程度、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、胰岛素抵抗(IR)之间的关系.方法 选择心衰患者92例,健康对照组30例,采用放射免疫分析法测定血清脂联素、TNF-α、CRP及空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平,氧化酶法测定空腹血糖(FBG)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 心衰组血清脂联素水平较对照组显著降低[(4.14±1.23)μg/L比(9.25±1.74)μg/L,P＜0.01],且随着心衰程度的加重而逐渐降低[心功能Ⅱ级组(5.30±0.72)μg/L,心功能Ⅲ级组(4.17±0.97)μg/L,心功能Ⅳ级组(2.98±0.74)μg/L,P＜0.01],心衰患者不同病因组之间血清脂联素水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),心衰患者血清脂联素水平与TNF-α、CRP、HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0.608,P＜0.01,r=-0.592,P＜0.01,r=-0.668,P＜0.01).结论 心衰患者血清脂联素水平显著下降,并与心衰严重程度存在一定相关性,可以准确地评价心功能.     

血清脂联素水平与高血压及心肌纤维化的关系

目的:研究血清脂联素与高血压的关系,探讨高血压患者血清脂联素水平对心肌纤维化的影响,阐明高血压患者血清脂联素水平与心肌纤维化的关系.方法:根据美国预防、检测、评估与治疗高血压全国联合委员会第七次报告(JNC-7)的血压标准,筛选出33例高血压患者(高血压组),并筛选出同期在我院体检中心观察的健康人33例(正常对照组).所有入选者清晨空腹抽取外周静脉血,用酶联免疫法测定血清脂联素、Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端肽(P Ⅰ CP)和Ⅲ型前胶原氨基端肽(P Ⅲ NP)水平.结果:与正常对照组相比,高血压组血清脂联素水平明显降低[(4.21±2.89)ng/ml比(2.69±1.00)ng/ml,P＜0.01];且1级高血压患者与2级高血压患者血清脂联素比较明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与正常对照组相比,高血压组P Ⅰ CP和P Ⅲ NP水平显著增高,P Ⅰ CP分别为(13.10±6.56)ng/ml比(4.12±1.19)ng/ml,P Ⅲ NP分别为(128.94±56.37)ng/ml比(66.70±11.72)ng/ml,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).相关分析表明,血清脂联素水平与P Ⅰ CP及P Ⅲ NP水平呈明显负相关(r分别为-0.245和-0.275,P均＜0.05).结论:高血压患者血清脂联素水平明显降低,血压越高脂联素水平越低,血清脂联素水平与P Ⅰ CP及P Ⅲ NP水平呈明显负相关,推测低水平的脂联素血症在高血压心肌纤维化中可能起重要作用.     

非酒精性脂肪肝胰岛素抵抗及血清瘦素和脂联素水平的研究

[目的]研究非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)、瘦素和脂联素水平的变化,探讨疾病发病中胰岛素抵抗(IR)、瘦素和脂联素的作用.[方法]测定体检和住院人群中NAFLD并肥胖(NAFLD)组、单纯性肥胖(肥胖)组和正常对照组空腹血糖、空腹血清胰岛素,采用稳态模型法计算IRI,同时检测瘦素和脂联素水平.[结果]NAFLD组空腹胰岛素水平和IRI显著高于肥胖组和对照组(P＜0.05);NAFLD组和肥胖组的瘦素水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);NAFLD组和肥胖组的脂联素水平显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);直线相关分析后,IRI与血清瘦素水平呈显著正相关(r=0.169 3,P＜0.01);而与血清脂联素水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.218 7,P＜0.01).[结论]IR可能是NAFLD发生、发展的基础,IR构成NAFLD患者基本特征之一,中央型肥胖是NAFLD的危险因素;NAFLD患者瘦素水平升高而脂联素水平降低,瘦素和脂联素通过不同机制参与了IR的发生、发展,进而影响NAFLD的发病.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.