人工干预对黄河源区沙化草地土壤微生物群落的影响

土壤微生物作为生态系统的重要组成部分,其群落变化可以反映土壤变化并有效指示退化土地的恢复成效。本研究以黄河源区沙化草地为对象,应用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对无任何人工干预措施的对照样地(CK)、播草种样地(P_1)、4年砾石方格沙障+播草种样地(P_2)和12年砾石方格沙障+播草种样地(P3)的土壤细菌和真菌群落进行了高通量测序,分析了不同干预措施(沙障+播草种/播草种)和干预时间(4年/12年)对沙化草地土壤细菌和真菌群落组成的影响。结果发现:1)细菌群落在CK和P_1样地聚为一组,P2和P3样地聚为另一组,真菌群落在CK、P_1和P_2样地聚为一组,P_3单独为一组;2)表层土壤有机碳和硝态氮含量在P_3样地中显著高于CK和P_2样地(P 0.05),而土壤铵态氮在各样地间无显著差异(P 0.05);3)植被盖度在P3样地中显著高于CK和P_2样地(P 0.05),杂类草地上生物量在P_3样地中显著高于CK样地(P 0.05)。研究认为,砾石方格沙障+播草种的干预措施促进了黄河源区沙化草地表层养分的积累,改变了土壤微生物群落结构,有利于植被的定殖和生长,且随措施实施年限的延长,改善成效愈加明显,是高寒地区严重沙化土地治理的一种有效措施。     

川西北沙化草地植被群落、土壤有机碳及微生物特征

为探究川西北高寒沙化草地地表植被、土壤有机碳和微生物的特征,采用样地调查方法,研究了不同沙化程度草地地表植被状况及土壤有机碳、腐殖质碳、微生物数量和微生物量碳、氮的差异特征。结果表明,1)随沙化严重程度增加,植被群落盖度、植被地上和地下生物量急剧下降。与未沙化草地相比,轻度沙化、中度沙化、重度沙化和极重度沙化草地地上生物量分别降低了12.95%,40.60%,76.53%和91.78%,地下生物量分别降低了21.44%,44.00%,83.41%和94.65%。2)土壤有机碳、腐殖质碳组分均随着沙化程度的提高而呈下降的趋势,且0~20 cm土层变化最为显著。不同沙化草地各土层之间也存在差异,但重度和极重度沙化草地各土层之间没有显著差异。3)随着沙化程度的加剧,土壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量和微生物量碳、氮产生显著变化。土壤沙化加剧会导致土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳、氮含量显著降低,破坏土壤微生物群落结构。     

藏沙蒿与多年生禾草混播对西藏沙化草地植被及土壤真菌群落特征的影响

为了明确青藏高原沙化草地的最佳混播修复草种比例及修复过程中的植被-土壤生态环境效应，本研究在西藏沙化草地构建人工修复试验小区，设置了西藏原生种质藏沙蒿及多年生垂穗披碱草和细茎冰草不同比例混播处理，分别为AG₁(4︰1︰2),AG₂(4︰2︰1),AG₃(5︰1︰1)，以未修复沙化裸地为对照(CK)，同时以原位条件下天然草地(NG)做比较。种植试验开展3年后，测定植被生物量、土壤理化性质指标，同时采用ITS测序技术和FUNGuild功能预测的方法，研究土壤真菌的群落结构及功能的变化规律。结果表明：1)与未修复沙化土地相比，混播修复3年的各处理可使地上生物量(AGB)和地下生物量(BGB)提高3倍以上，并显著增加土壤含水量(WC)、有机质(OM)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量(P<0.05)。2)AG₃处理下土壤真菌多样性最高，真菌群落结构与天然草地最相似。3)各沙化修复处理与NG间土壤中的担子菌门和被孢霉门存在显著差异(P<0.05)。冗余分析结果显示，BGB、AN、...     

青藏高原东部乡土植物对高寒沙化草地土壤性质的影响

以青藏高原东部高寒沙化草地为研究对象,通过比较分析狭叶红景天(Rhodiola rosea)、硬秆仲彬草(Kengyilia rigidula)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和高山红柳(Salix cupularis)4种乡土植物对沙化草地的土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及微生物生物量的影响,旨在为高寒草地沙化地生态植被的重建与恢复选择适宜的治理植物提供理论依据。结果显示:1)种植4种植物治理恢复5年后,土壤含水量均有显著升高(P0.05),土壤容重和土壤pH有不同程度的下降,垂穗披碱草处理下土壤含水量最高,与对照相较增加了357.70%;2)植被恢复显著提高了土壤中与碳氮磷循环相关的各种酶的活性(P0.05),其中狭叶红景天样地中的土壤纤维素酶、过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性最高,分别为对照的3.19、1.98、3.22、1.87和4.59倍。3)种植4种植物治理恢复5年后,不同土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)均有显著提高(P0.05),狭叶红景天的MBC、MBN和微生物生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)均为最高,分别为对照的4.39、3.46和1.27倍;4)种植狭叶红景天和高山红柳样地,土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质及微生物生物量呈极显著(P0.01)和显著(P0.05)相关,种植垂穗披碱草样地,土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质及微生物生物量相关性较差。研究表明,4种植物种植5年后,狭叶红景天对高寒沙化草地的土壤特性改善更明显。     

盐池干旱风沙区退化草地禁牧的效果研究

通过在盐池干旱风沙区退化沙化草地上进行全面禁牧,植被盖度达60%以上.禾本科牧草多度增加,地上生物量上升;而劣质毒害草多度减少,地上生物量下降.在流动、半流动沙丘上围栏禁牧,植被明显恢复,生态环境明显改善.在保护恢复干旱、半干旱荒漠化退化沙化草地植被中值得推广.     

植物沙障不同种植模式对川西北沙地的恢复效应

生物沙障被广泛地应用于沙化治理中,但是生物沙障不同种植模式下对沙化治理的相关研究较少,尤其是复合草本在高寒地区不同种植模式下的研究较为缺乏。为了明确混合草本沙障不同种植模式对高寒沙地治理效应,选择川西北沙地作为典型高寒半湿润沙地,利用燕麦、垂穗披碱草、中华羊茅作为混合草本沙障,自2014年利用行播、带播、撒播种植模式恢复高寒半湿润沙地4年,于2014年测定一年生燕麦生长状况,调查4年后地表植物群落盖度和多样性特征,并且测定土壤水分、容重、含水量、pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷等指标,分析复合草本不同种植模式对高寒沙地恢复效应。研究结果表明:复合草本带播和撒播模式对高寒沙地恢复效果明显。一年生燕麦后期从生态系统中消失,多年生草本适应性良好。带播和撒播种植模式显著增加了地上植物盖度、物种多样性、生态优势度。带播和撒播模式也显著减小了土壤容重,增加了土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷等含量。在高寒沙化复合草本种植恢复过程中,建议将土壤容重、有机质、全氮作为衡量土壤性质变化的指标。综合地表植被和土壤理化性质变化,建议以混合草本带播和撒播种植模式作为高寒沙化治理的主要种植模式。     

土壤沙化度对再生植物群落特征及草地生产能力的影响

【目的】分析土壤沙化度对草地再生植物群落特征及生产能力的影响,为川西北高寒沙化草地的植被修复与重建提供借鉴。【方法】选择植被破坏的4个沙化土地（ND未沙化、LD轻度、MD中度和HD重度）,经4年种子自由迁入与自然竞争生长后,测定再生植被群落结构和优势种特点、功能群草种重要值和产量贡献率等指标。【结果】1）土壤沙化度对再生植物群落特征参数影响为基盖度>投影盖度>群落高度>群落密度>物种数,对优势种种类、种数与高度均有显著影响（P<0.05）。2）土壤沙化度对再生群落中功能群草种重要值及草地生产力有显著影响（P<0.05）,重要值受影响为豆科草类>莎草类>杂类草类>禾草类,产量和贡献率受影响为莎草类>杂类草类>豆科草类>禾草类。LD、MD和HD产量和贡献率最大的分别为禾草类、杂类草类和豆科草类。3）土壤未沙化和轻度沙化草地具有植被自我修复和再生能力,中重度沙化土壤的再生群落结构简单、生产力较低。【结论】川西北高寒草地沙化土地均可形成再生植被,土壤沙化度影响再生植被群落特征和草地生产性能,需依土壤沙化度采取相应的草地复壮...     

川西北沙地植被恢复对土壤碳氮磷及生态化学计量特征的影响

本文以川西北退化草地植被恢复区自然放牧草地(NGG)、围栏封育沙化草地(FEDG)、自然灌丛草地(NS)和人工种植高山柳沙化草地(SCDG)为研究对象,通过植物群落调查与土壤理化性质的测定,探讨川西北自然与人工恢复沙化草地土壤碳氮磷及生态化学计量特征。结果表明,除土壤全磷储量外,所选草地植被类型在0~60cm土层土壤碳、氮、磷的含量、储量和比值都存在显著差异(P<0.05),土壤全磷含量高低顺序为NS>FEDG>NGG>SCDG,除氮磷比(N∶P)外,其余土壤指标高低顺序为NS>NGG>FEDG>SCDG,土壤全磷储量在NS显著高于其它类型(P<0.05)。4类植被类型的土壤全氮和全磷含量及NS和NGG的有机碳含量随土层深度增加而显著降低(P<0.05)。除N∶P外,NGG和NS的土壤碳氮比(C∶N)、碳磷比(C∶P)都随土壤土层深度的加深而显著降低(P<0.05)。自然灌丛草地比自然草地和人工植被恢复沙地具有更高的土壤养分含量,可作为沙地生态恢复模式进一步优化的参考。     

围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响

草地生态系统固碳能力对全球碳贮量的大小有重要影响。放牧作为草地最广泛的利用方式之一影响着草地的碳贮量,过度和不合理的放牧方式造成草地退化,引起草地碳的损失。围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响主要包括对植被生产力和土壤碳贮量的影响,本文对有关的报道进行了综述。结果显示,由于受植被凋落物、群落结构和气候等多因素的影响,围栏禁牧对草地植被生产力有正面或负面的效应;放牧对植被生产力的影响也没有一致的结果,此外,放牧对植被生产力的影响还与放牧的强度有关。围栏禁牧与放牧可以通过多种途径对草地土壤碳贮量产生正面或负面的影响。总之,围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响是复杂多样的,需要对草地碳贮量进行估算,并对相关的机制进行研究,这样才能在草地管理方面做出合理的决策。     

高寒生态脆弱区不同扰动生境草地植被及土壤无机氮变化特征

为了解不同干扰生境下高寒生态脆弱区草地植被、土壤无机氮素含量变化特征,以天祝高寒草地为对象,选取3种干扰生境(围栏内天然草地、围栏外天然草地以及牧道),测定和分析不同季节、不同土壤深度铵态氮和硝态氮含量变化特征。结果表明,不同干扰生境,地上植物种类、盖度、高度及生物量等变化明显;相同土层深度,铵态氮、硝态氮含量表现为围栏内>围栏外>牧道。相同干扰生境土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量随土层深度增加而降低,且变化幅度较大,0~10 cm与20~30 cm土层间差异显著;土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量从4月到10月呈现先增加后减少的趋势,并在8月出现峰值,围栏内土壤铵态氮含量8月与10月无显著差异,围栏外土壤硝态氮含量10月升高。3种干扰生境下铵态氮、硝态氮同地上生物量之间均呈正相关关系。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.