绿脓菌素激活MAPKs、NF-κB信号通路诱导呼吸道上皮细胞IL8表达

采用绿脓杆菌培养上清及绿脓菌素刺激人呼吸道上皮细胞株A5 4 9和SPC A 1,用ELISA方法检测细胞IL 8分泌水平 ,并使用免疫印迹 (Westernblot)方法观察绿脓菌素对细胞内重要的炎症信号传导途径NF κB及丝裂原激活蛋白激酶 (MAPKs)的激活作用。实验发现 ,绿脓杆菌培养上清及绿脓菌素可诱导呼吸道上皮细胞株IL 8分泌增加 ,且具有剂量依赖效应。绿脓菌素刺激细胞可使细胞内IκB α发生降解 ,同时使MAPK家族蛋白分子 (ERK1 2、p38、JNK)发生磷酸化。MEK1 2 (ERK1 2激酶 )抑制剂U0 12 6 (10 μmol L)和p38MAPK抑制剂SB2 0 35 80 (10 μmol L)可降低绿脓菌素诱导A5 4 9细胞IL 8的合成。以上结果显示绿脓菌素通过MAPK信号传导通路增强呼吸道上皮细胞IL 8的表达 ;NF κB通路也参与了绿脓菌素调控细胞IL 8表达的过程     

NF—κB信号通路在绿脓菌素诱导气道上皮表达IL-8的作用

探讨绿脓菌素对人气道上皮细胞株（NCI—H292细胞）表达IL-8的诱导作用及通过NF—κB信号传导通路。采用ELISA法对PCN诱导NCI-H292细胞分泌IL-8进行分析,应用westernblotting检测NF-κB的蛋白表达,观察NF—κB阻断剂对IL-8表达的影响。PCN可促进NCI-H292细胞IL-8分泌。NF—κB的阻断剂PDTC能显著抑制IL培表达（P〈0．01）。PCN可能通过NF-κB信号通路诱导呼吸道上皮细胞IL-8表达。     

肿瘤坏死因子α通过激活NF-κB信号通路加快肝细胞周期进程

在慢性炎症部位有易发肿瘤的倾向,大约有20%的恶性肿瘤发生与慢性炎症相关,肝细胞癌是世界第三大癌症死亡病因,其患者多数有慢性炎症病史,当炎症慢性迁延,肝细胞癌发生率明显增加.但慢性炎症与肿瘤发生与发展的细胞和分子机制仍然不清楚.利用人肝细胞株L-02细胞,研究肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)对细胞周期的影响及其机制,并探讨核因子κB(NF-κB)和ERK1/2活化对细胞周期的影响,以期能更确切地阐明炎症介质TNF-α在肝细胞癌发生发展中的作用.发现TNF-α能促进肝细胞从G0/G1期向S期转换.蛋白质印迹检测表明,TNF-α能以剂量依赖方式诱导cyclinD1表达,而对cyclinE的表达无明显影响.同时TNF-α能激活NF-κB,ERK1/2,抑制NF-κB活化降低了TNF-α诱导的cyclinD1表达,导致细胞周期阻滞于G0/G1期.抑制ERK1/2活化则对细胞周期和cyclinD1表达无显著影响.结果提示,TNF-α通过活化NF-κB信号通路,诱导cyclinD1表达,加快细胞周期进程,这可能是促进肿瘤的发生发展重要机制.针对TNF-α和NF-κB的治疗可能延长慢性炎症相关性肿瘤的潜伏期和抑制肿瘤的发展.     

IL-8通过激活PKC/ERK信号通路促进肾癌细胞上皮细胞-间质细胞转化

上皮细胞-间质细胞转化(EMT)在肿瘤转移方面起着非常重要的作用．肾癌发生EMT的具体分子机制尚不清楚．IL-8是一个重要的炎症趋化因子,研究表明肾癌细胞可以分泌IL-8,但IL-8是否参与肾癌细胞EMT的调节目前尚无报道．我们研究发现,IL-8可以促进肾癌细胞形态发生间质化改变,IL-8刺激后E-钙黏蛋白表达水平下降, N-钙黏蛋白表达上调．另外,IL-8可以促进肾癌细胞侵袭,但对肾癌细胞增殖的影响并不明显．进一步研究显示,IL-8通过激活蛋白激酶C(PKC)引起细胞外调节性激酶(ERK)磷酸化．因此,我们认为IL-8可能通过PKC/ERK信号通路促进肾癌细胞发生EMT,这可能是肾癌转移的重要机制之一．     

Epstein-Barr病毒潜伏蛋白1通过核转录因子κB诱导鼻咽上皮细胞表达端粒酶活性

利用已建立的原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞和Tet-on-LMP1系统等良好的实验模型,采用荧光酶报道基因分析法和端粒酶TRAP-ELISA技术,分别检测EB病毒潜伏蛋白1(LMP1)诱导的核转录因子κB(NFκB)活性和端粒酶活性,从LMP1介导NFκB信号传导途径角度,探讨LMP1诱导端粒酶表达的分子机制.结果表明,LMP1可诱导鼻咽上皮细胞表达端粒酶活性,将LMP1羧基端胞浆区突变后,可同时下调NFκB活性和端粒酶活性.在Doxycycline诱导LMP1表达状态下,NFκB反式激活活性增强,同时端粒酶活性升高;进一步应用硫代磷酸化修饰的反义NFκB p65寡脱氧核苷酸和IκBα的显性负性突变体分别阻断NFκB活性,可降低由LMP1诱导的端粒酶活性.因此,NFκB作为LMP1信号传导途径上的枢纽,可能介导了LMP1对端粒酶的表达调控.     

RKIP低表达与鼻咽癌侵袭转移和NF-κB信号通路活化相关

为筛选鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)发病相关的蛋白质,采用双向凝胶电泳(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE)和质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)技术比较NPC组织与癌旁正常鼻咽上皮组织(adjacent normal nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue,ANNET)蛋白质表达的差异,鉴定了21个差异蛋白,其中Raf 激酶抑制蛋白(Raf kinase inhibitor protein,RKIP)等9个蛋白质在NPC组织中的表达水平低于ANNET．为探讨RKIP在NPC转移中的作用和机制,采用Western blot检测RKIP在不同转移潜能的5-8F和6-10B NPC细胞中的表达水平,采用免疫组化方法检查RKIP在石蜡包埋NPC组织、正常鼻咽上皮组织(normal nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue,NNET))及颈淋巴结转移NPC组织(lymphnode metastatic NPC,LMNPC)中的表达水平,采用脂质体转染方法将正义、反义RKIP表达质粒及其相应空白载体分别转染5-8F和6-10B细胞,建立相应的稳定转染细胞系,分析RKIP表达水平改变对NPC细胞体外侵袭能力和NF-κB信号通路活性的影响．结果显示：RKIP在高转移5-8F细胞中的表达水平低于非转移6-10B细胞、在NPC组织中的表达水平低于NNET、在转移癌中表达缺失．上调RKIP表达能抑制5-8F细胞的侵袭能力,而下调RKIP表达能增强6-10B细胞的侵袭能力;上调RKIP表达能降低5-8F细胞的p-IκB-α水平和NF-κB的转录活性,而下调RKIP表达能增加6-10B细胞的p-IκB-α水平和NF-κB的转录活性．研究结果提示,RKIP 可能是NPC的一个转移抑制蛋白,RKIP表达下调可能通过活化NF-κB信号通路促进NPC细胞侵袭和转移．     

异丙肾上腺素对小鼠心肌MAPK、NFκB和JAK/STAT信号转导途径的激活效应

为研究异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO)诱导心肌肥厚或心肌重塑的分子机制,本工作以成年雄性Balh／c小鼠为研究对象,通过腹腔注射ISO,采用蛋白免疫印迹杂交方法观察ISO对小鼠心肌丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(mito-gen-activted protein kinase,MAPK)、核因子—κB(NFκB)和Janus激酶／信号转导因子和转录激活因子(JAK／STAT)途径的激活效应。结果发现,ISO腹腔注射后可早期(5min)激活心肌MAPK(ERK1／2和p38);ISO对心肌NFKB的激活效应表现为双相性,激活高峰分别为5和120min;ISO腹腔注射60min后可显著促进STAT3的酪氨酸磷酸化,6h时基本恢复到基础水平。上述结果提示,ISO对多种细胞内信号转导途径均具有激活效应,但表现出明显的时相差异。探明这些信号转导途径的时空整合规律,将有助于深化对心肌重塑发生机制的认识。     

乙肝病毒X蛋白通过激活NF-κB信号通路上调ABCG2的表达

目的：研究乙肝病毒X蛋白（HBx）通过核因子-κB（NF-κB）信号通路对半转运蛋白（ABCG2）的调节作用。方法：用特异性的NF-κB信号通路阻断剂PDTC阻断NF-κB信号通路,荧光双标激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察L02细胞系转染HBx基因前后及PDTC加入前后NF-κB信号通路的激活、失活情况,同时用Real-time PCR和Western Blot技术检测转染前后及PDTC加入前后ABCG2在mRNA及蛋白水平的表达变化。结果：以L02细胞为参照,转染HBx基因后的L02-HBx细胞NF-κB信号通路被激活,ABCG2 mRNA和蛋白水平分别增加3.62±0.15和4.61±0.73倍,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;PDTC作用24h后L02/HBx细胞NF-κB信号通路阻断,ABCG2 mRNA和蛋白表达分别为2.15±0.32倍和2.37±0.55倍,与未加入PDTC作用的L02-HBx细胞相比均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：NF-κB信号通路是HBx上调ABCG2表达的途径之一。     

乙肝病毒X 蛋白通过激活NF-κB 信号通路上调ABCG2 的表达

目的:研究乙肝病毒X蛋白(HBx)通过核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路对半转运蛋白(ABCG2)的调节作用。方法:用特异性的NF-κB信号通路阻断剂PDTC阻断NF-κB信号通路,荧光双标激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察L02细胞系转染HBx基因前后及PDTC加入前后NF-κB信号通路的激活、失活情况,同时用Real-time PCR和Western Blot技术检测转染前后及PDTC加入前后ABCG2在mRNA及蛋白水平的表达变化。结果:以L02细胞为参照,转染HBx基因后的L02-HBx细胞NF-κB信号通路被激活,ABCG2 mRNA和蛋白水平分别增加3.62±0.15和4.61±0.73倍,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PDTC作用24h后L02/HBx细胞NF-κB信号通路阻断,ABCG2 mRNA和蛋白表达分别为2.15±0.32倍和2.37±0.55倍,与未加入PDTC作用的L02-HBx细胞相比均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:NF-κB信号通路是HBx上调ABCG2表达的途径之一。     

Hsp72对类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞IL-6、IL-8表达及NFκ-B活化的影响

目的:探讨热休克蛋白(Hsp)72对类风湿关节炎患者滑膜细胞IL-6、IL-8表达的影响,从NFκ-B信号通路活化的角度阐明其作用机制。方法:原代培养类风湿关节炎患者的滑膜细胞;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测细胞培养上清中IL-6和IL-8的含量;采用Western blot检测滑膜细胞NFκ-B和ΙκBα蛋白的表达变化;采用免疫荧光技术检测NFκ-B核移位的变化。结果:Hsp72抑制TNFα-所诱导的IL-6和IL-8的生成;Hsp72抑制TNFα-所诱导NFκ-B在核内的表达和移位;Hsp72抑制TNFα-所诱导ΙκBα蛋白降解。结论:Hsp72可能通过抑制滑膜细胞IL-6、IL-8表达及抑制NF-κB信号通路活化而对类风湿关节炎发挥抗炎作用。     

Grepafloxacin inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced interleukin-8 expression in human airway epithelial cells

We examined the effect of grepafloxacin (GPFX), a new fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, on interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated human airway epithelial cells (AEC). GPFX inhibited IL-8 protein production as well as mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner (2.5 - 25 micro g/ml), but the inhibition of IL-8 expression by corresponding concentrations of GPFX to serum and airway lining fluids was not complete. We discuss the modulatory effect of GPFX on IL-8 production in the context of its efficacy on controlling chronic airway inflammatory diseases.     

Involvement of MAPKs and NF-kappaB in LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression in human tracheal smooth muscle cells

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to induce the expression of adhesion molecules on airway epithelial and smooth cells and contributes to inflammatory responses. Here, the roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathways for LPS-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression were investigated in HTSMCs. LPS-induced expression of VCAM-1 protein and mRNA in a time-dependent manner, was significantly inhibited by inhibitors of MEK1/2 (U0126), p38 (SB202190), and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK; SP600125). The involvement of p42/p44 MAPK and p38 in these responses was further confirmed by that transfection with small interference RNAs (siRNA) direct against MEK, p42, and p38 significantly attenuated LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression. Consistently, LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK and p38 was attenuated by pretreatment with U0126 or SB202190, and transfection with these siRNAs, respectively. In addition, LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression was significantly blocked by a specific NF-kappaB inhibitor helenalin. LPS-stimulated translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus and degradation of IkappaB-alpha was blocked by helenalin, U0126, SB202190, or SP600125. Moreover, the resultant enhancement of VCAM-1 expression increased the adhesion of polymorphonuclear cells to monolayer of HTSMCs which was blocked by pretreatment with helenalin, U0126, or SP600125 prior to LPS exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that in HTSMCs, activation of p42/p44 MAPK, p38, and JNK pathways, at least in part, mediated through NF-kappaB, is essential for LPS-induced VCAM-1 gene expression. These results provide new insight into the mechanisms of LPS action that bacterial toxins may promote inflammatory responses in the airway disease.     

Influenza virus A infection induces interleukin-8 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells.

To determine the role of the airway epithelial cell in mediating virus-induced inflammation, we infected primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells with human influenza type A/Port Chalmers/72 (H3N2). After two days, the medium was collected for measurement of the chemotactic cytokine interleukin-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The RNA was extracted from the cells for analysis of interleukin-8 mRNA by Northern blot analysis. Interleukin-8 production was more than doubled by viral infection, while interleukin-8 mRNA was increased four-fold. Thus induction of interleukin-8 gene expression in virus-infected airway epithelium may be an important early step leading to virus-induced airway inflammation.     

Ghrelin stimulates interleukin-8 gene expression through protein kinase C-mediated NF-kappaB pathway in human colonic epithelial cells

Ghrelin, a newly identified gastric peptide, is known for its potent activity in growth hormone (GH) release and appetite. Although ghrelin is involved in several other responses such as stress and intestinal motility, its potential role in intestinal inflammation is not clear. Here, we show that expression of ghrelin and its receptor mRNA is significantly increased during acute experimental colitis in mice injected intracolonically with trinitrobenzene sulfate (TNBS). We found by PCR that ghrelin receptor mRNA is expressed in non-transformed human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells. Exposure of NCM460 cells stably transfected with ghrelin receptor mRNA to ghrelin, increased IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and its subsequent degradation. In addition, ghrelin stimulated NF-kappaB-binding activity and NF-kappaB p65 subunit phosphorylation, and induced IL-8 promoter activity and IL-8 protein secretion. Furthermore, our data show that ghrelin-induced IkappaBalpha and p65 phosphorylation was markedly reduced by pharmacological inhibitors of intracellular calcium mobilization (BAPTA/AM) and protein kinase C (GF 109203X). Pretreatment with BAPTA/AM or GF109203X also significantly attenuated ghrelin-induced IL-8 production. Together, our results strongly suggest that ghrelin may be a proinflammatory peptide in the colon. Ghrelin may participate in the pathophysiology of colonic inflammation by inducing PKC-dependent NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 production at the colonocyte level.     

NF-kappaB activation and sustained IL-8 gene expression in primary cultures of cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells stimulated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The progression of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by an exuberant inflammatory response mounted by the respiratory epithelium that is further exacerbated by bacterial infection. Recent studies have demonstrated upregulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in response to infection in genetically modified cell culture models, which is associated with expression of interleukin (IL)-8. Using human airway epithelial cells grown in primary culture, we examined in vitro activation of NF-kappaB in cells isolated from five CF (DeltaF508/DeltaF508) and three non-CF (NCF) patients in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Immunofluorescence, gel-shift, and immunoblot assays demonstrated a rapid translocation of NF-kappaB subunits (p50 and p65) to the nucleus in both CF and NCF cell cultures. However, nuclear extracts from CF cells both before and following P. aeruginosa stimulation revealed elevated NF-kappaB activation compared with NCF cells. Additionally, elevated nuclear levels of the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha were detected in nuclei of CF cells after P. aeruginosa stimulation, but this increase was transient. There was no difference in IL-8 mRNA levels between CF and NCF cells early after stimulation, whereas expression was higher and sustained in CF cells at later times. Our results also demonstrated increased baseline translocation of NF-kappaB to nuclei of primary CF epithelial cell cultures, but intranuclear IkappaBalpha may initially block its effects following P. aeruginosa stimulation. Thus, IL-8 mRNA expression was prolonged after P. aeruginosa stimulation in CF epithelial cells, and this sustained IL-8 expression may contribute to the excessive inflammatory response in CF.     

Regulation of matrilysin expression in airway epithelial cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin

Matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase-7) is expressed by mucosal epithelia throughout the body and functions in host defense by activating murine intestinal alpha-defensins. In normal adult human lung, matrilysin is expressed at low levels in the airway epithelium, but is markedly up-regulated in cystic fibrosis (CF). Because CF lungs support a heavy bacterial load, we assessed if relevant CF pathogens regulate matrilysin expression in human lung epithelial cells. Indeed, acute infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (but not Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, or Klebsiella pneumoniae) induced the expression of matrilysin in Calu-3 lung epithelial cells. Increased matrilysin mRNA levels were detectable at 3 h post-infection and peaked at a 25-fold induction between 6 and 8 h. Both P. aeruginosa CF isolates and laboratory strains induced matrilysin expression to similar levels. Flagellin, the monomeric precursor of bacterial flagella, was identified as the inductive factor released by P. aeruginosa that regulated matrilysin expression. In addition, flagellin-null mutants failed to stimulate matrilysin expression in cultured cells or in lungs infected in vivo. These data show that P. aeruginosa (and specifically flagellin) potently stimulates matrilysin expression in lung epithelial cells and may mediate the overexpression of this proteinase in CF lungs.     

Superoxide dismutase moderates basal and induced bacterial adherence and interleukin-8 expression in airway epithelial cells

Bacterial infection of the tracheobronchial tree is a frequent, serious complication in patients receiving treatment with oxygen and mechanical ventilation, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Using human airway epithelial cell culture models, we examined the effect of hyperoxia on bacterial adherence and the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), an important mediator involved in the inflammatory process. A 24-h exposure to 95% O(2) increased Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) adherence 57% in A549 cells (P < 0.01) and 115% in 16HBE cells (P < 0.01) but had little effect on Staphylococcus aureus (SA) adherence. Exposure to hyperoxia, followed by a 1-h incubation with SA, further enhanced PA adherence (P < 0.01), suggesting that hyperoxia and SA colonization may enhance the susceptibility of lung epithelial cells to gram-negative infections. IL-8 expression was also increased in cells exposed to both hyperoxia and PA. Stable or transient overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase reduced both basal and stimulated levels of PA adherence and IL-8 levels in response to exposure to either hyperoxia or PA. These data indicate that hyperoxia increases susceptibility to infection and that the pathways are mediated by reactive oxygen species. Therapeutic intervention strategies designed to prevent accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species may reduce opportunistic pulmonary infections.