青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计的多样化

随着草地退化和药材资源减少,青藏高原东部农牧民的生计受到了严重影响.农牧民如何利用生计资产实现生计多样化是该区域可持续发展面临的关键问题.实地调查采用PRA法,结合调查结果调整了生计资产评估指标,从样带尺度定量分析了高原东部高山峡谷区、山原区和高原区农牧民的生计资产现状、生计多样化特点和今后的生计策略.结果表明:①生计多样化是农牧民普遍采用的生计策略.高山峡谷区农牧民生计多样化水平较高,从事二三产业较多,普遍寻求发展型生计.而随着海拔升高,农牧民的生计多样化水平降低,从事的生计活动类型减少,发展型生计的比例也降低;②海拔较低的高山峡谷区和山原区,生计资产总值高,而海拔越高的高原区,生计资产总值较低,主要反映在人力资产和自然资产上;③居民所拥有的生计资产与生计多样化水平高度正相关;④农牧民近期仍基于生计资产改善生计策略;⑤高山峡谷区和山原区农牧民寻求发展型生计为高原区牧民提供了很好的借鉴.建议政府围绕生计多样化的制约因素进行投入,以提高牧民的能力,协助高原区牧民建立发展型生计.     

青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计的多样化(英文)

Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration.How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue.This paper examines livelihood assets,livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau.The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy.From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region,livelihood diversification level is reduced,and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease.Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation,mainly shown in human assets and natural assets.Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets,mainly shown in natural assets,human assets and social assets.Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets,mainly raising livestock and digging herbs,and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business.Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region.Therefore,aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.     

青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式

利用分层随机抽样、参与式农村评估及其工具、地块调查、数理统计等方法,对63个农户、272个地块进行了系统的调查与取样,研究了青藏高原东部山地农牧区金川县克尔马村的生计多样化与耕地利用模式。结果表明:①不同类型农户的生计策略选择、组合及收入不同,生计多样化,引入并扩大非农活动是当地生计策略的发展趋势,但不利的自然环境和社会经济条件以及农户自身素质共同影响了生计和土地利用的可持续性;②各种生计策略对土地利用的影响不同,主要影响土地利用类型和土地利用集约化水平;③以非农活动为主的生计多样化可能是该区构建可持续生计的核心,同时也是实现土地可持续利用的根本途径。     

青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式

This study examined livelihood diversification and cropland use pattern in Keerma village, located in Jinchuan County, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Through stratified random sampling survey, participatory rural appraisal, investigation of households＇ plots and statistical methods, 63 households and 272 cropland plots were systemically investigated and sampled. The results show： （1） Different types of household have variety livelihood strategies, portfolio and income. Livelihood diversification and introducing and expanding off-farm activities can be the future trend, whereas, adverse natural environment, socio-economic conditions and peasants＇ capabilities together affect sustainable livelihood and land use. （2） Each livelihood strategy has its own impact on land use, mainly affecting land use type and land use intensi- fication level. （3） Diversification into off-farm activities could be the key of building sustainable livelihood and the essential approach of realizing sustainable land use in the region.     

灌溉管理改革背景下农户生计脆弱性评估

灌溉管理改革有助于提高水资源管理效率,完善灌溉管理体制,降低农户生计脆弱性。以内蒙古地区为例,基于可持续生计分析框架,构建农户生计脆弱性定量评估指标体系。利用内蒙古5个旗县区的353户农户样本数据,对灌溉管理改革地区和非改革地区农户的生计脆弱性进行了评估。结果表明:改革地区的脆弱性程度为-2.19,非改革地区的脆弱性程度为-1.76,两类地区农户的适应能力都比较高,脆弱性较低,但非改革地区的脆弱性要大于改革地区,灌溉管理改革对降低农户生计脆弱性具有重要意义。原因在于灌溉管理改革改善了农户所处的脆弱性环境,提高了生计资本水平,增强了农户的适应能力。为提升农户福利水平,降低其生计脆弱性,在以后的工作中需要加强农户可持续生计能力建设;需要政府的正确引导和大力扶持,为灌溉管理改革的发展提供优惠政策和资金支持;同时还要强化农户抵抗自然灾害风险能力建设,从长期预防和短期应急两个方面来强化农户抵抗风险的能力,多渠道降低农户的生计脆弱性。     

杭州市农民工生计脆弱性特征与对策

农民工是我国大城市中的弱势群体之一,极易受到失业、生产事故、经济波动等社会风险的冲击,其生计日益成为影响我国经济社会转型期国计民生的重要问题之一。本文从脆弱性视角出发,建立了符合城市农民工生计特征的生计资本评估指标体系,并结合实地调查资料对杭州市农民工生计脆弱性特征及成因进行了分析。研究认为,杭州农民工生计资本具有典型的脆弱性特征,突出表现在教育培训缺失、人力资本不足,租房生活为主、物质资本薄弱,收入水平低下、金融资本虚化,边缘感较强、社会资本匮乏。最后,探讨了可持续生计分析框架在大城市农民工生计问题研究中的适用性,并结合实证研究结果提出了增强大城市农民工生计资本降低其生计脆弱性的调控对策,以期为杭州市及我国其他大城市农民工生计可持续性研究提供新的分析思路和实践参考。     

生计脆弱性研究热点与前沿的可视化

以Web of science核心数据库中1991~2015年间收录主题为“livelihood vulnerability”的文献为基础,应用可视化分析软件CiteSpace Ⅲ,采取关键词共现分析、文献共被引分析、突现词分析等方法对生计脆弱性研究现状进行可视化分析。研究发现：① 生计脆弱性研究文献呈现逐年上升趋势,主要分布在生态、环境和管理等学科领域;美、英、澳、加、德5国及东英格兰大学、哥本哈根大学、麦吉尔大学、利兹大学、萨塞克斯大学等研究机构具有较强的研究实力。② Ellis F、Smit B、Adger W N、Kelly P M、Davies S和Turner B L等学者及其代表作是生计脆弱性研究的知识基础。③ 饥荒、社会生态系统、生计策略、贫困、减贫等是生计脆弱性的研究热点与前沿领域。     

青藏高原高寒区生态脆弱性评价

在分析青藏高原高寒生态系统形成机制的基础上,构筑了3个层次、10个指标的脆弱性评价指标体系,系统评估了青藏高原生态脆弱性及其区域差异。研究结果表明：青藏高原中、重度以上脆弱区的面积较大,占区域总面积的74．79％。微度、轻度脆弱区主要分布在雅鲁藏布江大拐弯处、藏东南海拔3000m以下的山地、祁连山南坡的西北段和昆仑山北...     

青藏高原“一江两河”地区农牧民家庭生计脆弱性评估

家庭生计脆弱性评估有利于深入理解脆弱人群的特征,为政府制定气候变化适应策略和农牧民脱贫提供科学依据。本文利用西藏"一江两河"地区188户调研数据,基于可持续生计框架,在"风险-生计资产-适应能力"维度上构建农牧民家庭生计脆弱性指标体系,采用K-均值聚类方法对家庭分类并比较其生计脆弱性差异。结果表明:(1)高脆弱性家庭占比43. 09%,其整体表现为风险最高,生计资产和适应能力最低;(2)与低脆弱性家庭相比,高脆弱性家庭的特点主要是自然资源依赖度更高、受极端气象灾害影响较大、生计资产缺乏、生计多样化程度不高、资金补贴不足等。本文从积极应对自然灾害、提高农牧民教育水平和促进生计多样化等方面提出政策建议。     

基于GIS和ANN的农户生计脆弱性的空间模拟分析

基于农户生计脆弱性测定方式的不完善和云贵高原缺乏农户生计脆弱性研究,选取云南省宜良县为案例区,构建了农户生计脆弱性评价指标体系,包括农户面临的风险、农户生计资本和面对风险的应急能力,并运用GIS与BP神经网络模拟区域的风险度指数、农户生计资本和应急能力指数的空间分布格局。在此基础上,得到农户生计脆弱性指数,结果表明坝区的生计脆弱性指数为山区>半山区>坝区,且各自原因不同。可见,运用BP神经网络模拟生计脆弱性简便实用,是一种可行的实践方法。     

基于遥感数据的西藏高原自然生态系统脆弱性评估

基于生态系统结构、功能、生境的脆弱性评价指标体系,以MODIS为基础数据源,评估了西藏高原自然生态系统的脆弱性,并揭示其空间异质性特征。结果表明：① 分别基于气候、结构以及功能指标的西藏高原生态系统脆弱性程度空间分布呈现出相似规律,整体为从东南向西北脆弱性程度逐渐加剧的趋势;而基于地形指标的生态脆弱性则呈现相反的分布格局,说明了相对地形而言,气候因子对于西藏高原生态系统宏观分布状况更为重要;② 综合生态系统结构、功能及气候和地形生境特征对脆弱性的影响,全区呈现从东南向西北综合脆弱性水平逐渐升高的趋势,在评估区范围内综合脆弱性等级为中等及以上的地区共占74%,整体脆弱性程度较大,其中综合脆弱性等级为很高水平的地区占了45.8%。明晰西藏高原自然生态系统的脆弱性程度及其空间分布特征,可为典型脆弱生态系统的监测和综合评估提供科学依据,进而有利于青藏地区生态环境治理工作的顺利进行。     

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.     

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.     

青藏高原至中国东部年雨日变化趋势的分形研究

根据1951~2002年中国194台站的雨日资料,运用分形理论中R/S分析法的基本原理,设计了两项Hurst指数试验。研究并预测了中国5大区域年雨日的气候变化趋势。研究表明:中国5大区域未来年雨日变化趋势与过去50年来的变化有着很好的自相似性。两项Hurst指数试验结果表明中国今后年雨日将继续减少。依照5大区域的气候倾向率,未来10年青藏高原和川西高原平均每十年减少雨日3.7~3.8天;中国东部南方区和中国东部北方区平均每十年减少5.9~6.8天;四川盆地年雨日减少最多,平均每十年减少雨日12.3天。且期间雨日没有突变。     

张家界农户乡村旅游脆弱性评价与影响因素

以张家界7个村庄334户农户为研究对象,运用参与式农村评估法(PRA)、主成分分析法、聚类分析法和多元线性回归等方法,分析不同类型农户脆弱性指数以及脆弱性影响因素。研究结果表明:①农户乡村旅游脆弱性类型可分为意识脆弱型、社交脆弱型、人力脆弱型、发展均衡型和全面脆弱型5种类型;②总体脆弱性方面,不同类型农户的总体脆弱程度均为脆弱,各自脆弱性指数不一,且非旅游农户高于旅游农户;③因子脆弱性中除社交脆弱型农户的民俗文化因子脆弱性指数高于农户认知因子脆弱性外,其他类型农户的人力素质、社会网络、生计资本和农户认知等4个因子脆弱性指数均高于政策制度、生态环境和民俗文化等3个因子脆弱性指数;④人力、文化和生态等方面的因子是影响农户乡村旅游脆弱性的主要因素。最后,从提升生计资本、传承民俗文化和保护生态环境等方面提出降低农户乡村旅游脆弱性的几点建议。     

甘南高原乡村社会固有脆弱性及其影响因素

开展社会固有脆弱性研究不仅有助于了解区域社会系统的可持续发展状态,更有助于寻求提高社会系统适应能力的恰当策略。通过构建乡村社会固有脆弱性分析框架和评价指标体系,并以甘南高原为研究区,在分析乡村社会固有脆弱性特征的基础上识别了其关键影响因子。结果表明:①甘南高原乡村社会固有脆弱性呈"梭型"分异,其中,高、中、低脆弱性乡镇分别占18.95%、47.37%、33.68%。②社会固有脆弱性存在明显的区域差异性,从农区-半农半牧区-牧区、高山峡谷区-山地丘陵区-山原区,社会固有脆弱性趋于增加;同时,随着少数民族聚居度降低、经济发展水平升高,社会固有脆弱性趋于降低。③社会固有脆弱性在空间上呈"北高南低"的不均衡分布,敏感性呈"中间高四周低"的集聚分布,适应能力呈相对均衡的"碎片化"分布。④气温、生育结构、民族结构、住房安全性、社会弱势群体比重、经济条件、信息可得性和参保比例是影响社会固有脆弱性的关键因子。最后,提出相应的对策建议。