机器人路径规划的新型头脑风暴优化算法

针对头脑风暴优化算法在求解机器人路径规划问题时存在初始解成功率低、运算代价大且路径不平滑等问题进行了研究,从心理学角度出发,提出了一种新型头脑风暴优化算法及其离散化方案。引入羊群效应下的教与学思想增强个体学习的方向性,并通过基于自我选择效应的步长调节机制扩大后期局部搜索比例,提升算法效率;离散处理阶段采用贪婪移动搜索法取得较优初始解,重新定义运算过程以双向平滑路径。仿真结果表明,新型头脑风暴优化算法在离散化前后均有较优的表现,在不同障碍物环境中均能规划出较优的路径。数值实验验证了所提算法的有效性,该算法在路径规划领域的应用值得进一步探索。     

基于A*算法的停车场路径引导设计

为提高停车场停车效率和选择最佳停车位,根据停车场的车位布局及车位使用状况,设计了泊车路径规划模型。把空闲车位抽象为二维坐标系的坐标点,分别计算其距离用户位置的曼哈顿距离,选取曼哈顿距离最小值的停车位为最优车位。选用改进的A*算法为停车路径规划算法,为进一步优化算法遍历过程,使之更加适用于停车场车位分布较分散的情况,以停车位对应路段为遍历节点进行路径搜索,并完成路径规划,结果表明:该方法有效地去除了冗余节点,提高了算法遍历速度。     

规则网格数字高程模型中基于距离与坡度的路径规划算法

针对A^*算法在数字高程模型（DEM）路径规划中的低效问题,提出一种基于距离与坡度的改进A^*寻路算法。该算法面向规则网格DEM,以距离和坡度作为路径搜索评估指标,设计新的评价函数,并以地表障碍评判路径的可通行性。在寻路过程中,根据实际场景DEM数据计算相匹配的参数,使得改进算法能自适应不同场景下DEM数据分辨率的变化;采用动态权值调整完备性函数和启发性函数对评价结果的影响,优化路径选择。仿真测试结果表明,改进算法能够通过参数调整适应DEM分辨率的变化,搜索出优化的路径,降低搜索时间,提高搜索效率。     

基于A*优化算法的停车场动态泊车研究

针对目前大型停车场停车效率、车位利用率低等问题,将停车效率问题转化为动态泊车概率问题,结合实际的地下停车场车位模型,以泊车用户的泊车概率、算法搜索效率为主要评价指标,并以较大的概率快速寻找到可用空车位为目的,提出了一种带约束条件的A*优化算法,然后基于VC++6.0环境对停车场实例进行算法的应用仿真。实验结果表明,优化后的A*算法大大增加了泊车用户的泊车概率,A*算法的搜索效率也得到显著提高,此A*算法在停车场中的应用,很大程度上提高了泊车用户的停车效率以及停车位的利用率,减少了泊车用户盲目重复寻找车位所花费的时间,在大型停车场中具有一定的应用研究价值。     

A~*算法在两阶段词图搜索中的应用

讨论了在汉语连续语音识别系统的两阶段词图搜索过程中A算法的应用,使用从前向后的时间同步Viterbi算法进行第一阶段词图搜索和剪枝,之后使用从后向前的非时间同步的A算法进行第二阶段搜索,找到N-Best路径。文章给出了第二阶段A搜索算法的实现方法、时间优化和一种新的启发函数优化方法,并与基线系统进行了比较。实验结果表明,在时间上,A算法可以达到Viterbi算法的速度,满足实际应用的需要;A算法搜索得到的最优路径有10%优于Viterbi搜索得到的最优路径,1%不及Viterbi算法;对于字识别正确率和WER指标有一定改善。     

移动机器人的一种烟花爆炸式新免疫规划算法

针对移动机器人路径规划避障难和搜索路径等问题,要求机器人从起点到终点能搜索一条最优无碰路.为解决上述问题,提出了一种新的烟花爆炸式免疫算法(FEIA).在免疫遗传算法(IGA)基础上,引入烟花爆炸机制进行种群更新,即在算法进化过程中,当种群达到预设爆炸代数时,从种群中提取若干较优个体和若干较差个体,将较优个体进行邻域扩展,并对扩展结果与较差个体择优进行种群重组.函数优化结果表明,与其它算法相比,FEIA收敛速度更快,搜索精度更高,且能有效地解决早熟收敛问题.而路径规划结果表明,在不同复杂环境中,FEIA能实现机器人的最优路径搜索及避障,显示出较强的搜索能力和鲁棒性.     

改进Dijkstra算法在停车诱导系统中的应用与仿真

主要针对现有大型停车场停车诱导系统的低效率问题,采用Dijkstra算法,将车位选择问题转化为最短路径问题,并结合停车场的特点,对Dijkstra算法进行改进,然后结合实例用VC对改进的算法进行应用仿真.仿真结果表明,改进后的Dijkstra算法比经典算法在时间复杂度上有所降低,Dijkstra算法的搜索效率明显得到提高,在停车诱导系统中具有一定的实际应用价值.     

个体速度差异的蚁群算法设计及仿真

针对如何提高蚁群算法搜索速度及防止算法停滞问题,提出一种改进的蚁群优化算法VACO(ACO algorithm based on ant velocity),通过构造与局部路径和蚂蚁个体速度相关的时间函数,并建立与时间函数相关的动态信息素释放机制,加快信息素在较优路径上正反馈过程,从而提高了算法的收敛速度;采取一种连续小区间变异策略,在加快局部搜索过程的同时可有效防止算法陷入局部最优.对典型TSP问题的仿真研究结果表明,改进后的算法在收敛性和对较好解的探索性能得到一定程度的提高.     

大规模AGV的改进时间窗路径规划

在机器人路径规划中,A*算法搜索路径时存在大量冗余节点,随着任务量增加,其搜索效率也会急剧下降,因此无法适应大规模任务下的路径规划。为此提出一种改进时间窗的有界次优A*算法用于求解大规模自动导引车（automatic guided vehicle,AGV）路径规划问题。算法使用时间启发式,并在搜索过程中采用时空搜索,规划无冲突的最优或次优路径。算法主要进行了三处改进：采用时间启发式,缩短了路径时间;采用动态时间窗算法,避免多次路径规划;优化了聚焦搜索算子,降低负反馈。通过MATLAB实验结果证明改进后的算法在进行多机器人路径规划时,能快速有效地规划出无冲突的平滑次优路径,搜索效率高,稳定性强。     

期望时间下的移动机器人目标搜索路径规划

不确定环境下移动机器人目标搜索问题中,目标在观测点被发现的概率常被设为理想的均匀分布,其路径优化指标通常为最短距离,但最短距离路径不等同于最优期望时间路径.针对此问题,本文提出了一种以期望时间为优化指标的概率多目标搜索算法.针对观测点的访问顺序不同会导致期望时间不同的现象,采用分层式路径优化策略.首先,构造一个新的非均匀目标分布概率测算模型;然后,在上层序列规划中,采用改进的改良圈算法生成期望观测点序列;最后,在下层特征地图的观测点间可行路径规划中,采用改进的快速随机生成树算法(GBC–RRT).实验结果表明:本文所提方法可显著缩短移动机器人目标搜索的期望时间,且能在目标不确定、非均匀分布的工作空间中得到最优期望时间的搜索路径.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).