液浸多层薄膜-基底结构中Scholte界面波特性研究

多层薄膜-基底结构在工业领域有广泛应用，其中薄膜的厚度与弹性参数等特性对结构与器件性能有显著影响。但对多层薄膜材料参数进行无损定征较为困难。考虑界面波对界面附近材料特性敏感的特点，以及分层薄膜导致液固界面Scholte波频散与分层材料速度分布密切相关等因素，文章首先利用全局矩阵理论分析了分层结构中的声传播，并给出界面上脉冲激励的声压表达式，据此对水浸双层薄膜-基底三层结构材料声速呈正梯度、负梯度、随机分布三种结构中液固界面Scholte波的频散曲线进行数值计算。进一步详细计算了法向脉冲线源激发的界面波瞬态信号随薄膜厚度的变化。结果显示，三种结构中两层薄膜厚度均对液-固界面波频散特性有显著影响，同时不同膜厚对不同频段的Scholte波的“捕获”作用(频率选择性)十分明显。该结果为进一步利用Scholte波频散特性进行多层薄膜厚度定征提供了理论依据。     

无流存在下三层密度分层流体界面内波三阶Stokes解

以小振幅波理论为基础,利用摄动方法研究了三层密度分层流体的界面内波,给出了各层流体速度势的三阶渐近解及界面内波波面位移的三阶Stokes波解。结果表明：界面内波波面位移的三阶Stokes波解描述了界面波的三阶非线性修正及两界面波之间的三阶非线性相互作用;波速不仅取决于波数和各层流体的厚度,而且还与波幅有关。     

浅海中声源激发的Scholte波频率特性研究

为了研究Scholte波能量集中在甚低频段的特性。基于浅海声场模型,利用高阶交错网格有限差分算法,仿真分析了硬海底和软海底条件下Scholte波的幅度与声源频率之间的关系。结果表明:两种海底条件下Scholte波的幅度均随声源频率增加而逐渐减小;开展海上气枪和货轮激发Scholte波的试验,气枪试验分析结果表明:Scholte波受声源频率影响较大,声源频率越高越不利于激发产生Scholte波;货轮试验分析结果表明:Scholte波的能量主要集中在10～25 Hz,频域特征稳定,传播距离远、衰减慢,当货轮由远及近航行时Scholte波能量由弱变强,呈现与货轮航行状态相符的变化趋势。     

基于虚拟介质方法数值模拟应力波穿透水舱

将虚拟介质方法推广到应力波与流固界面的相互作用,基于修正虚拟流体方法(MGFM)思想提出一种适用于流固界面应力波折射问题的界面状态计算法则。以此为基础,用Zwas格式和WENO格式分别离散固体和流体控制方程,数值模拟应力波穿透水舱。数值测试表明:虚拟介质方法推广到模拟流固界面上的应力波时,数值误差具有很好的收敛性;该研究提出的计算法则具有一阶精度。一维数值结果与理论解析解能很好地吻合,验证了用虚拟介质方法模拟应力波在流固界面处反射与透射的可行性。应力波穿透水舱的数值结果表明:虚拟介质方法与任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)方法得到的数值结果相近;水舱加压后,透射波的强度也相应的增加;不同的水舱压力下,应力波在流固界面处的折射规律相近。该结论对舰船的防护设计有实际意义。     

倾斜弹性分层海底声场分布仿真研究

利用弹性抛物方程理论中的单向散射近似法处理倾斜弹性体-弹性体的边界条件,建立了不同地形条件下具有弹性分层海底的海洋环境中声场计算的新方法;经仿真分析等深度均匀海水层覆盖下具有倾斜弹性体-弹性体边界的弹性分层海洋环境中低频声场的空间分布结构,表明当弹性沉积层中纵波波速不大于1.5倍水中声速时,声压传播损失完全由海水介质参数和海底底质决定,与沉积层下界面地形关系不大,且弹性界面处有明显的界面波(Stoneley波)存在,即弹性体-弹性体界面的地形变化,基本不影响海水中的声场分布。与能量守恒方法相比较,仿真验证了文中计算方法的准确性。     

流-固多层结构中软层介质参数反演研究

建立了固体层内含软层介质的多层流-固界面模型。使用传递矩阵法,导出固体层内含软层介质的流-固界面波的频散方程。根据频散方程计算频散曲线,改变软层介质的深度、厚度及横波波速,观察频散曲线的变化。使用有限元软件建立仿真模型,引入遗传反向传播(Back Propagation, BP)神经网络,对模型参数进行了反演。反演结果表明,使用遗传BP神经网络,能有效地反演出软层介质的深度、厚度与横波波速参数。     

流体-孔隙介质周期性粗糙界面超声波反射与透射特性研究

为了研究超声波在流体-孔隙介质周期性粗糙界面的传播特性,文章基于周期性锯齿粗糙界面的衍射模型分析孔隙介质开孔与闭孔状态下孔隙度对反射与透射的影响。通过孔隙介质比奥特(Biot)理论与光栅方程理论,得到包含各阶反射系数、透射系数的线性方程组,再利用傅里叶变换进行数值计算,得到孔隙度与流体-孔隙介质周期性粗糙界面反射系数、透射系数之间的关系。结果表明,由于界面的周期性,频率对反射与透射系数的影响没有呈现一定的规律。但孔隙度对反射与透射系数有显著影响,且由于孔隙介质状态的差异性,导致反射与透射系数在开孔与闭孔时变化趋势不同。     

挠性橡胶管管壁对压力波传播速度的影响

为研究挠性橡胶管衰减管内流体脉动的机理,由流体的质量连续和动量方程出发,并将挠性橡胶管管壁 的粘弹性和横截面径向阻抗率加以考虑,得出了管中压力波的波动方程.用波数的概念将管内流动介质的波动方程化为 传递矩阵的形式.。在此基础上,得出了压力波在挠性橡胶管介质中传播时的复波速。为说明管壁的横截面径向阻抗率 对在胶管介质中传播的压力波的影响,与不考虑阻抗率而仅考虑管壁粘弹性的复波速进行了对比,并且分别考虑了厚壁 管和薄壁管两种情况;研究了管中流体流速对其流体脉动衰减的影响并建立了流体脉动衰减的传递损失的公式。计算 结果表明,薄壁管比厚壁管能更有效地抑制脉动;管壁阻抗率对压力波在挠性橡胶管介质中的传播的影响不容忽视;适 当加大挠性橡胶管管径可以更有效地衰减流体脉动。     

用τ-p变换提取水中声源激发的海底Scholte波

水中声源激发的海底地震波场成分复杂,为了将Scholte波从地震波场中分离出来,基于τ-p变换法,先将波场从t-x域变换至τ-p域,利用Scholte波与其他波在该域中的特性差异,提取Scholte波,然后将其反变换回t-x域,从而获得Scholte波。针对τ-p变换过程中固有的假频效应和端点效应,理论分析了各自的产生机理,分别采用限制波慢度和添加时间窗等方法抑制这两种效应。基于高阶交错网格有限差分法,给出了水中脉冲声源激发出的地震波场,并分析了其波动成分及特性,利用上述方法提取地震波场中的Scholte波,仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

S波由饱和土入射于弹性土时在界面上的反射与透射

从地震工程实际出发，借助Biot多孔介质中的波动方程，根据各种界面条件导出了S波从饱和土入射于弹性土时在交界面上反射与透射的一般计算公式。作为算例，数值计算分析了S波从饱和土入射于饱和土与弹性土交界面时，饱和土中P1、P2和S波的反射系数以及弹性土中P波、SV射系数与界面排水条件、入射角以及频率之间的关系。结果表明：各种波的反射、透射系数与入射角、入射频率以及界面排水条件有关系。     

Evolution equation for nonlinear Scholte waves

The evolution equations for nonlinear Scholte waves (finite amplitude elastic waves propagating along liquid/solid interface), which account for the second order nonlinearity of a liquid, are derived for the first time. For mathematical simplicity the nonlinearity of the solid, which influence is expected to be weak in the case of weak localization of the Scholte wave, is not taken into consideration. The analysis of these equations demonstrates that the nonlinear processes contributing to the evolution of the Scholte wave can be divided into two groups. The first group includes nonlinear processes leading to wave spectrum broadening which are common to bulk pressure waves in liquids and gases. The second group includes the nonlinear processes which are active only in the frequency down-conversion (leading to wave spectrum conservation or narrowing), which are specific to the confined nature of the interface wave. It is demonstrated that the nonlinear parameters, which characterize the efficiency of various nonlinear processes in the interface wave, strongly depend on the relative properties of the contacting liquid and solid (or, in other words, on the deviation of the Scholte wave velocity from the velocities of sound in liquid and in solid). In particular, the sign of the nonlinear parameter responsible for the second harmonic generation can differ from the sign of the nonlinear acoustic parameter of the liquid. It is also verified that there are particular liquid/solid combinations where the nonlinear processes, which are inactive in the frequency up-conversion, dominate in the evolution of the Scholte wave. In this case distortionless propagation of the finite amplitude harmonic interface wave is possible. The proposed theory should find applications in nonlinear acoustics, geophysics, and nondestructive testing.     

Directional scholte wave generation and detection using interdigital capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

Directional generation and detection of Scholte waves and other guided modes in liquids and microfluidic channels by capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) is reported. An interdigital transducer structure along with a phased-excitation scheme is used to enhance the directionality of Scholte interface waves in microfluidic environments. Finite element models are developed to predict the performance of the devices in both fluid half-spaces and microchannels. Experiments on the interdigital cMUTs show that a five-finger-pair device in a water half-space has 12 dB of directionality in generating Scholte waves at the design frequency of 10 MHz. A 10-finger device operating at 10 MHz in a water-filled microchannel has 13.4 dB of directionality. These directionality figures agree well with the modeling results. Using the results of the finite element model of a cMUT in a fluid half-space, it was determined that 41% of the acoustic power radiated into the fluid is contained in the Scholte wave propagating in the desired lateral direction. Transducers are demonstrated to perform bidirectional pumping in fluid channels with input power levels in the milliwatt range. Interdigital cMUTs fabricated using low temperature processes can be used as compact ultrasonic transducers with integrated electronics for sensing and actuation in fluidic environments.     

Formulation and validation of Berenger's PML absorbing boundary forthe FDTD simulation of acoustic scattering

Berenger's perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition for electromagnetic (EM) waves is derived to absorb 2-D and 3-D acoustic waves in finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation of acoustic wave propagation and scattering. A PML medium suitable for acoustic waves is constructed. Plane wave propagation in the PML medium is solved for both 2-D and 3-D cases and explicit FDTD boundary conditions are derived. The equations show that a matched PML medium is a perfect simulation of free space in that a plane wave does not change its direction of propagation or its speed when it propagates from free space into a matched PML medium. FDTD simulation of a pulsed point source propagating in two dimensions is carried out to test the performance of the PML boundary for acoustic waves. Results show that an eight layer PML boundary condition reduces the reflected error 40 dB over Mur's second order boundary condition     

金属薄板中导波的模态识别和波速测定

按照Lamb波理论,板内导波由多阶对称波和反对称波组成。当波长远大于板厚时,利用经典平板理论对Lamb方程进行简化,此时板内主要有零阶对称波S0和反对称波A0两种模态。认识薄板内声波模态,不仅有助于分析声源性质,提取有效信号,而且可以提高声发射检测中时差定位的准确性。利用PAC公司的Fieldcal标准信号发生器和Nielsen Hsu断铅法作为信号源在0.7 mm薄钢板上进行声波传播实验。通过比较实测波速和理论波速甄别板内的声波模态。实验发现对称波S0实测波速和理论波速比较吻合,而反对称波A0的波速由于频散而较难精确测量。综合两种模态波的波速情况,声发射检测中利用对称波速度进行声源定位计算更加接近薄壁结构声波的传播状况。     

一种由横波激发的特殊非线性声现象

目前对非线性超声的研究多集中在纵波激发的谐波性质以及对材料微观结构变化的实验检测上,横波激发的非线性声波性质少有研究。对横波激发的一维非线性声波方程入手,利用摄动法求解该方程,并改写为一阶偏微分方程,然后利用交错网格的有限差分形式进行数值求解。结果表明:采用横波激发,能产生线性横波和非线性纵波,且纵波的高次谐波内有两个信号,分别以纵波和横波两种速度传播。若采用较长的激发信号,纵波谐波能形成"拍"现象,成为一种奇特的声传播现象。     

Towards aeroacoustic sound generation by flow through porous media

In this work, we present single-step aeroacoustic calculations using the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Our application case consists of the prediction of an acoustic field radiating from the outlet of a porous media silencer. It has been proved that the LBM is able to simulate acoustic wave generation and propagation. Our particular aim is to validate the LBM for aeroacoustics in porous media. As a validation case, we consider a spinning vortex pair emitting sound waves as the vortices rotate around a common centre. Non-reflective boundary conditions based on characteristics have been adopted from Navier-Stokes methods and are validated using the time evolution of a Gaussian pulse. We show preliminary results of the flow through the porous medium.     

Acoustic reflection from the boundary of anisotropic thermoviscoelastic solid with fluid

Vertical slownesses of waves at a boundary of an anisotropic thermoviscoelastic medium are calculated as roots of a polynomial equation of degree eight. Out of the corresponding eight waves, the four, which travel towards the boundary are identified as upgoing waves. Remaining four waves travel away from the boundary and are termed as downgoing waves. Reflection and refraction of plane harmonic acoustic waves are studied at a plane boundary between anisotropic thermoviscoelastic solid and a non-viscous fluid. At this fluid-solid interface, an incident acoustic wave through the fluid reflects back as an attenuated acoustic wave and refracts as four attenuating waves into the anisotropic base. Slowness vectors of all the waves in two media differ only in vertical components. Complex values of vertical slowness define inhomogeneous refracted waves with a fixed direction of attenuation, i.e. perpendicular to the interface. Energy partition is calculated at the interface to find energy shares of reflected and refracted waves. A part of incident energy dissipates due to interaction among the attenuated refracted waves. Numerical examples are considered to study the variations in energy shares with the direction of incident wave. For each incidence, the conservation of incident energy is verified in the presence of interaction energy. Energy partition at the interface seems to be changing very slightly with the azimuthal variations of the incident direction. Effects of anisotropy, elastic relaxation and thermal parameters on the variations in energy partition are discussed. The acoustic wave reflected from isothermal interface is much significant for incidence around some critical directions, which are analogous to the critical angles in a non-dissipative medium. The changes in thermal relaxation times and uniform temperature of the thermoviscoelastic medium do not show any significant effect on the reflected energy.     

温度对水饱和孔隙介质压缩波速度的影响

温度作用使孔隙介质密度、弹性模量等参数发生改变,从而影响声波传播性质。文章基于变形体能量守恒定律,考虑热机耦合和两相介质热耦合,推导水饱和孔隙介质的热传导方程;考虑孔隙水和固相孔隙介质存在的三种耦合性,基于热作用下应力应变关系分析,建立了热机耦合声波传播模型;设计温度变化沉积物样品声学测量实验,当温度由2℃增加到27℃时,压缩波速度平均增大88m·s^-1运用热机耦合声波传播模型解释了实验测量结果的上升趋势,获得理论计算值与测量值相对偏差范围为-3．03％～1．19％。