高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒研究进展

1997年8月发现首例人禽流感病例以来,不断有人禽流感病例发生,截至2007年3月1日,WHO报道的经实验室确证的H5N1禽流感感染者共277例,死亡167例,死亡率超过50%。目前WHO对禽流感的预警是3级,即是一种新的流感亚型,已经在人类中引起严重疾病,但还没有在人类中持续传播流行。本文就目前H5N1禽流感病毒来源,跨越物种传播的机制,致病力决定因素及人间传播能力等几个关键的基础问题研究进展进行综述。     

高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒研究进展

1997年8月发现首例人禽流感病例以来,不断有人禽流感病例发生,截至2007年3月1日,WHO报道的经实验室确证的H5N1禽流感感染者共277例,死亡167例,死亡率超过50％。目前WHO对禽流感的预警是3级,即是一种新的流感亚型,已经在人类中引起严重疾病,但还没有在人类中持续传播流行。本文就目前H5N1禽流感病毒来源,跨越物种传播的机制,致病力决定因素及人间传播能力等几个关键的基础问题研究进展进行综述。     

我国分离人H5N1禽流感病毒血凝素基因特性的研究

目的 分析我国分离的人高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒的抗原性以及基因特性.方法 对所分离的H5N1病毒的血凝素基因和神经氨酸酶基因进行序列测定.结果 对血凝素基因的序列测定结果表明从我国分离的H5N1病毒具有较高的同源性,但是与越南、泰国等国家分离的H5N1病毒明显不同.序列测定的结果同时表明无论是受体特异性还是连接肽都是禽源的.结论 目前我国分离的H5N1病毒属于同一个组,与泰国、越南分离毒株不同,并且发现病毒的特性仍然是禽源的,没有发现从禽到人的重组或者重配。     

人感染高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1核酸检测方法的建立及应用

目的 建立人感染高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1的核酸检测方法,用于人感染高致病性禽流感病毒疑似病例临床标本的检测.方法 针对甲型流感病毒保守基因M设计RT-PCR和real-time PCR引物检测是否为甲型流感病毒,同时针对H5N1禽流感病毒设计针对H5和N1基因的特异性RT-PCR和real-time PCR引物作亚型检测,建立禽流感H5N1病毒RT-PCR和real-time PCR检测方法.结果 本研究建立的RT-PCR和real-time PCR方法可以特异性地检测H5N1病毒,并且与人流感病毒H1、H3没有交叉反应.RT-PCR检测方法灵敏度可到1TCID50,real-time PCR灵敏度可达0.01TCID50.利用上述方法检测人感染高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1疑似病例临床标本,从42例不明原因肺炎病例中检测出阳性标本13例.结论 本研究建立的RT-PCR和real-time PCR方法可以用于人感染高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1临床标本的实验室检测.     

禽流感H5N1型病毒对NIH小鼠的致病敏感性研究

目的观察禽流感H5N1型病毒对NIH小鼠的致病性。方法将NIH小鼠随机分为接毒组（20只）和对照组（10只）,在负压感染实验室,接毒组于乙醚麻醉后给予AIVH5N1型病毒滴鼻,对照组予正常阴性尿囊液滴鼻,观察14d,记录小鼠的体温、体重、临床症状、死亡情况、病理变化、肺指数及抗体变化。结果NIH小鼠感染禽流感H5N1型病毒后第1天就出现精神不振,病程主要集中在第3—7天,临床症状主要表现为弓背、蜷缩、竖毛、颤抖、反应迟钝、活动减少、爱扎堆,体重（下降）出现减轻,体温降低,死亡率为40％;接毒组死亡小鼠肺指数为（2．21±0．40）,较对照组的（0．44±0．23）明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;肺组织病理严重改变,第8天才能检出抗体（OD值等于0．231）。结论禽流感H5N1型病毒对NIH小鼠有一定的致病性。     

抗H5N1禽流感病毒VHH抗体库的构建

目的:构建抗H5N1禽流感病毒的小羊驼免疫噬菌体重链可变区抗体库(VHH型抗体库),为抗H5N1的VHH抗体筛选奠定基础。方法:利用H5N1灭活疫苗免疫小羊驼,一定免疫时间后测定小羊驼外周血清中抗体中和活性,分离其外周淋巴细胞,利用RT-PCR方法得到VHH抗体片段。通过优化连接和电转化方法,将足量VHH片段与pCANTAB5E连接后电转入大肠杆菌TG1,获得VHH抗体基因库;检测基因库库容以及多样性,并采用血凝抑制试验对噬菌体抗体库进行初步功能性鉴定。结果:利用H5N1灭活疫苗免疫小羊驼四次后,其外周血清中抗体血清抑制效价可达1∶2 560,构建的VHH抗体基因库库容可达3×108,随机挑选14个抗体基因克隆进行测序鉴定,结果显示均为独立克隆,表明所建抗体库多样性好。上述基因库经辅助噬菌体拯救后,得到抗H5N1的噬菌体VHH型抗体初级库,对初级库进行血凝抑制试验,结果呈阳性,表明初级库中存在具有潜在中和活性的抗H5N1抗体。结论:结果表明,已成功构建抗H5N1禽流感病毒的小羊驼免疫噬菌体重链抗体库,为进一步筛选抗H5N1禽流感的重链抗体打下良好基础,并为H5N1的早期临床诊断和治疗提供新的手段。     

感染H5N1病毒恒河猴大脑的病理学观察

目的H5N1禽流感病毒与1918年大流感病毒基因序列的高度相似表明该病毒对人类构成巨大威胁,本文主要观察H5N1禽流感病毒对恒河猴大脑影响。方法恒河猴5只,年龄2～3岁,经环甲膜穿刺接毒105TCID50/ml7ml,取大脑行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色和免疫组化观察。结果和对照组11号猴比较,实验组猴出现神经元萎缩,噬神经元现象,局部坏死和血管套现象。结论H5N1禽流感病毒导致恒河猴大脑损害,出现非化脓性脑炎,进一步证实了H5N1禽流感病毒对哺乳类日渐适应并且表现出越来越强的神经毒性。在今后的临床治疗中要重视H5N1病毒引起脑炎的预防和治疗。     

禽流感病毒血凝素H5特异性单克隆抗体的制备及ELISA捕获法的建立

目的 制备和鉴定禽流感病毒(H5N1)血凝素(H5)特异性单克隆抗体(mAb),建立H5抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA捕获法.方法 以H5血凝素和携带H5全长基因的质粒免疫Balb/c小鼠制备mAb,利用血凝抑制(HI)实验筛选和鉴定,通过竞争抑制试验分析抗体识别表位,并采用抗体配对试验筛选捕获抗体和检测抗体,建立测定H5抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA捕获法.结果 获得16株特异性针对H5的单克隆抗体,与A型流感病毒H1、H3、H7、H9和B型流感病毒的血凝素无HI交叉反应,对H5血凝素的血凝抑制效价为1:100～1:51 200;通过配对实验,建立以单克隆抗体H5M9为捕获抗体,辣根过氧化物酶标记单克隆抗体H5M11为检测抗体的双抗体夹心ELISA;检测多株H5N1病毒和H5血凝素的最低检出值为1/32血凝单位,检测A型流感病毒H1N1、H3N2、B型流感病毒以及H7、H9血凝素均为阴性.结论 建立了一种灵敏度高、特异性强的测定H5抗原的ELISA捕获法,可应用于禽流感病毒H5N1感染的实验室早期诊断.     

整合深圳人源H5N1禽流感病毒株血凝素蛋白的假型逆转录病毒的构建

目的 构建整合深圳人源H5N1禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)株血凝素(HA)的假型逆转录病毒.方法 利用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增深圳人源H5N1禽流感病毒株HA基因,将扩增产物与pGEM-T载体连接,在经过酶切及测序鉴定后,通过Sal Ⅰ与BamHⅠ酶切位点将HA基因克隆至真核表达载体CMV/R,然后协同转移载体pHR-Luc、包装载体pCMV&8.2通过磷酸钙共沉淀法转染人胚肾细胞(293T),72 h后收集假病毒上清,超速离心后通过Western blot鉴定假病毒颗粒HA、P24蛋白的表达,同时测定HIV-HA假病毒对犬肾传代细胞(MDCK)、宫颈癌上皮细胞(HeLa)、中国仓鼠卵母细胞(CHO)和293T等4种不同细胞株的感染活性.结果 深圳人源HSN1禽流感病毒株A/Shenzhen/406H/06属于subelade2.3,其HA基因开放读码框编码567个氨基酸,在GenBank登录号为EF137706.经Sal Ⅰ与BamH Ⅰ双酶切鉴定HA基因成功克隆至真核表达载体CMV/R.将pHR-Luc、pCMV&8.2、CMV-HA共转染293T细胞后,所收集的假病毒经Western blot证实假病毒颗粒不仅含有HIV基质蛋白P24,还可以整合AIV HA蛋白,并且能够由前体蛋白HA0裂解为具有生物活性的HA1和HA2蛋白.HIV-HA假病毒可以感染MDCK、HeLa、CHO、293T等4种靶细胞,表明所构建的假病毒具有感染活力,且具有广泛的宿主范围.结论 本研究成功构建整合A/Shenzhert/406H/06 HA蛋白的假型逆转录病毒,并且HIV-HA假病毒具有良好的感染活性,从而为下一步筛选中和抗体及抗原表位分析奠定基础.     

单扩溶血技术在禽H5N1流感诊断中的应用

目的 了解单扩溶血技术对禽H5N1流感病毒抗原测定的最佳条件,以便使禽H5N1病毒抗体测定能在普通实验室内进行.方法 比较不同浓度,不同品种红细胞,琼脂糖种类和浓度对测定敏感性的影响,以及对该法的敏感性和特异性与微量中和试验进行了比较.结果 单扩溶血技术测定最佳条件为：病毒浓度为：1000 HA单位/0.1 ml浓鸡红细胞;琼脂糖浓度为：1.0%;补体采用后加法.该法的敏感性和特异性不亚于微量中和试验,同时未发现H1N1,尤其N1抗体对H5N1抗体测定有影响.结论 单扩溶血技术对禽H5N1病毒抗体测定的敏感性和特异性不亚于微量中和试验,并能在普通实验室对大量血清样本进行测定.     

Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease of Mice Caused by H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus

The pathogenesis of a disease caused by Qinghai-like H5N1 influenza virus in BALB/c mice was studied. Clinical, morphological, and immunological characteristics of the experimental infection caused by highly pathogenic A/duck/Tuva/01/06/ (H5N1) virus are described. Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Suppl. 1, pp. 52–55, 2008     

Morphological Changes in Bird Viscera in Experimental Infection by Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus

Intravenous infection of chicken with H5N1 avian influenza virus (strain A/Gs/Krasnoozerskoye/627/05) causes rapid lethal outcome. Pathomorphological study of bird viscera showed manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, generalized inflammatory reaction, and wide-scale necrobiotic changes in tissues. Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Suppl. 1, pp. 56–59, 2008     

Genome-sequenee Analysis of the Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza A Virus Isolated in China in 2004

Analysis of the sequences of the genome of the avian influenza A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (H5N1) virus, isolated from a poultry farm during the outbreak of avian influenza (AI) in Hubei Province, central China, in the spring of 2004, revealed that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virus was genetically similar to those of the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI). Notably, the neuraminidase gene of the virus had a 20-amino acid deletion in the stalk region and a 5-amino acid deletion in the NS gene which belonged to allele B. Furthermore, the internal genes (PB2, PA, NP, M2) of the A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 virus with the particular amino acid residues were more closely related to H5N1 viruses of 2000–2003 isolated in Hong Kong and the AIV of Thailand and Vietnam in 2004, but less likely to evolve from the viruses of Hong Kong 1997. Finally, our results demonstrated that the influenza A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (H5N1) virus was similar to those of the AI viruses isolated from Hong Kong (2000–2003), Vietnam, and Thailand rather than the viruses from the 1997 lineage of Hong Kong and with closest genetic relatives to the influenza A/Chicken/Hong Kong/61.9/02 (H5N1) virus. These data suggest that the influenza A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (H5N1) virus which circulated in central China derived its internal gene from a virus similar to the influenza A/Chicken/Hong Kong/61.9/02 (H5N1) virus.     

禽流感H5亚型压电免疫芯片的研究

目的研究一种新型、快速的检测禽流感H5亚型的压电免疫芯片。方法以AT切型、基频10MHz的石英晶体为材料,设计四通道芯片微阵列。采用聚乙烯亚胺黏附一戊二醛交联法将禽流感H5亚型单克隆抗体固定在石英晶体的金膜电极表面制备生物敏感膜,构建可用于检测禽流感H5亚型的压电免疫芯片。结果固定H5单克隆抗体的最佳稀释度为1：10,H5亚型抗原溶液的响应值与空白对照的噪声值之比大于2。结论本次实验构建的压电蛋白芯片可用于禽流感H5亚型的定性检测。     

Vaccination of gallinaceous poultry for H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza: Current questions and new technology

Vaccination of poultry for avian influenza virus (AIV) is a complex topic as there are numerous technical, logistic and regulatory aspects which must be considered. Historically, control of high pathogenicity (HP) AIV infection in poultry has been accomplished by eradication and stamping out when outbreaks occur locally. Since the H5N1 HPAIV from Asia has spread and become enzootic, vaccination has been used on a long-term basis by some countries to control the virus, other countries have used it temporarily to aid eradication efforts, while others have not used it at all. Currently, H5N1 HPAIV is considered enzootic in China, Egypt, Viet Nam, India, Bangladesh and Indonesia. All but Bangladesh and India have instituted vaccination programs for poultry. Importantly, the specifics of these programs differ to accommodate different situations, resources, and industry structure in each country. The current vaccines most commonly used are inactivated whole virus vaccines, but vectored vaccine use is increasing. Numerous technical improvements to these platforms and novel vaccine platforms for H5N1 vaccines have been reported, but most are not ready to be implemented in the field.     

Utility of the rapid antigen detection BinaxNOW Influenza A&B test for detection of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus

Nasopharyngeal aspirates, collected during outbreaks, of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in Barcelona, were used to compare the accuracy of a rapid antigen-based test (Binax) with the real-time RT-PCR assay developed by the CDC. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the rapid test are higher in patients less than 18 years old and during the acute stage of the epidemic than in adult patients.     

Employing XIAP to Enhance the Duration of Antigen Expression and Immunity Against an Avian Influenza H5 DNA Vaccine

DNA vaccine represents a powerful approach for prevention of avian H5N1 influenza infection. Yet, DNA vaccine-induced immune responses might be limited by the short duration of antigen expression. As a strategy to enhance adaptive immune responses elicited by a hemagglutinin 5 (H5) DNA vaccine, we explored the effect of co-administration of a DNA encoding X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) as a modulator of apoptosis and a stimulator of inflammatory signaling. In cultured cells as early as 24?hours (h), we found that the DNA vaccine encoded H5 antigen was a potent stimulator of apoptosis, and the H5 pro-apoptotic activity was significantly suppressed by the co-expression of full-length XIAP or mutant XIAP (ΔRING). However, full-length XIAP showed a higher potency than mutant XIAP (ΔRING) in the inhibition of H5-induced apoptosis. We also compared the immunizing ability of transmembrane and secretory forms of H5. Mice vaccinated (twice with 3-week intervals) with the secretory form of H5 showed higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers than mice vaccinated with the transmembrane form of H5. Furthermore, co-administration of XIAP with the secretory form of H5 resulted into a stronger antibody response than the transmembrane form of H5. Our findings suggest that in the design of DNA vaccines for a given pro-apoptotic antigen, using an anti-apoptotic molecular adjuvant and the secretory form of antigen may be a greater stimulus to induce immune responses.