温度对Cu-12.5Ni-5Sn-石墨自润滑复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

采用粉末冶金方法制备出了Cu-12.5Ni-5Sn-石墨自润滑复合材料,通过改变石墨的含量来研究该复合材料的力学性能和在不同摩擦试验温度下的摩擦磨损性能,采用SEM和Raman分析磨损表面,进而讨论复合材料的摩擦、磨损和润滑机制. 结果表明:复合材料的硬度和屈服强度随着石墨含量的增加而逐渐降低;温度对不同石墨含量的复合材料的摩擦磨损性能有显著的影响,在室温下,石墨质量分数为1%和3%的石墨复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率明显小于5%石墨复合材料;在300 ℃下,石墨质量分数为3%时,复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好;在500 ℃下,石墨质量分数为5%的石墨复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好. 在室温下,复合材料具有较好自润滑性的主要原因是形成了几乎光滑连续的石墨润滑膜. 在300和500 ℃下,由金属氧化物和石墨组成的混合物润滑膜是复合材料保持自润滑性的主要原因.      

NiAl-Cr(Mo)-Cr_xS_y自润滑复合材料的摩擦磨损特性

采用滑动磨损试验方法测试了NiAl-Cr(Mo)-CrxSy自润滑复合材料与SiC陶瓷配副在110～960℃的摩擦磨损特性.结果表明:200～400℃,纳米CrxSy晶粒在复合材料摩擦表面形成较完整的润滑膜,产生自润滑性能;700～900℃,复合材料摩擦表面生成了1～3μm厚、完整的玻璃陶瓷润滑膜,产生了自润滑耐磨性能.2种润滑膜材料均可向SiC表面转移,消除了复合材料/SiC的摩擦状态.随着温度的升高,2种润滑膜材料的强度降低,SiC微凸体压入润滑膜,导致润滑膜的剥落加剧,复合材料的摩擦系数与磨损率升高.     

Fe-Ni基高温自润滑复合材料摩擦磨损特性研究

本文中采用滑动磨损试验方法研究了以PbO和WS2为润滑组元的复合材料与440C不锈钢配副在25～600℃温度范围内的摩擦磨损特性.通过X射线衍射仪分析发现复合材料中含有铬的硫化物等高温润滑物质生成.使用扫描电镜和金相显微镜进一步分析了材料摩擦表面形貌.结果表明:在500 ～ 600℃范围内,PbWO4、CrxSx+1等各种金属化合物在摩擦表面形成了较完整的润滑膜,产生了自润滑能力,具有优良的减摩耐磨性能.润滑膜材料可向摩擦对偶表面转移,在一定程度上阻止了复合材料与440C不锈钢对摩材料的直接接触,显著降低了材料摩擦系数和磨损率,实现了高温自润滑性能.本文进一步探索了单一润滑组元润滑膜和两种润滑组元润滑膜的承载能力,发现两种固体润滑组元产生的协同润滑效应显著改善了润滑膜的润滑性能.     

Fe-Mo-Ni-Cu-石墨高温自润滑复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

采用粉末冶金工艺,在Fe-Mo-石墨自润滑复合材料的基础上,制备了添加Ni、Cu两种元素的Fe-MoNi-Cu-石墨高温自润滑复合材料,并在栓-盘式高温摩擦试验机上考察了其在室温、320和450℃下的摩擦学性能;采用金相显微镜、XRD和SEM等表征方法,分析了材料金相组织、物相成分和摩擦表面形貌.结果表明:FeMo-石墨自润滑复合材料中添加Ni和Cu元素,可以强化基体,增强材料的力学性能,改善材料的摩擦学性能.在高温摩擦过程中,Fe-Mo-Ni-Cu-石墨高温自润滑复合材料摩擦表面生成的由石墨+Cu Fe5O8+Fe3O4+Fe2.6Ni0.4O4组成的复合润滑膜是导致其具有良好高温润滑性的主要原因.     

滑动速度对IS304涂层自润滑磨损机理的影响

采用感应烧结技术制备出润滑相细小且分布均匀的自润滑涂层.其中润滑相Ag粒子尺寸为5μm左右,氟化物粒子尺寸为1μm左右,强化相Cr2O3粒子尺寸小于1μm.研究表明低速磨损时磨损面比较粗糙,磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损与疲劳磨损;而高速磨损时磨损面比较光滑,虽然磨粒磨损与疲劳磨损依然为涂层的磨损机理,但磨损面上存在明显的Ag润滑膜.Ag润滑膜的出现使得涂层的摩擦系数降低.Ag润滑膜的出现与接触面摩擦产生的摩擦热有关.滑动速度越高,接触面产生的摩擦热会使局部区域的瞬态温度升高,从而使得热膨胀系数较大的Ag粒子从基体Ni Cr中溢出到表面,并在压力和摩擦力的作用下发生塑性变形从而形成Ag润滑膜.采用溢出体积计算法计算得滑动速度为1 m/s时,瞬态温升为296℃,该温升明显高于采用Ansys有限元模型计算得到的温升.     

锡青铜基自润滑材料的摩擦学特性研究

采用粉末冶金自由烧结工艺制备出锡青铜基自润滑复合材料,对该类复合材料的力学性能与摩擦磨损特性进行了研究,从固体润滑剂角度就其室温与450℃自润滑机理进行了分析与探讨。研究结果表明,该类材料在室温至450℃温度范围内具有良好的机械性能与磨擦磨损特性。XRD分析结果显示：在室温下磨损表面形成的含石墨、Pb和SnO2的复合膜是其具有润滑性能的主要原因;在高温下则由石墨、Pb2O3和CuO组成的复合膜起主要润滑作用。     

Ni_3Al基高温自润滑复合涂层的制备和摩擦学性能

采用高能球磨结合喷雾造粒制备喷涂喂料,利用等离子喷涂方法制备Ni_3Al基高温自润滑复合涂层,通过HT-1000销-盘式高温摩擦试验机测试大气气氛不同温度下涂层的摩擦磨损性能,并采用SEM、EDS和Raman等表征分析涂层微观组织、物相组成和摩擦磨损机理.结果表明:涂层在25℃至800℃具有良好的自润滑性能,摩擦系数为0.14～0.42,磨损率为2.41×10~(–4)～5.76×10~(–4) mm~3/(Nm). 25℃到400℃之间,随温度升高,Ni_3Al金属间化合物韧性和软金属银塑性变形能力均提高,形成了有效的转移润滑膜,从而提高了涂层摩擦学性能,涂层磨损形式主要为脆性断裂、磨粒磨损和黏着磨损;600℃时软金属Ag过度软化,BaF_2/CaF_2共晶脆-塑性转变不完全,磨损表面不能形成完整致密的润滑膜,摩擦系数和磨损率大幅升高,涂层的磨损形式主要为剥层磨损和磨粒磨损;800℃时磨损表面形成富含NiO、Ag_2MoO_4和NiCr_2O_4等高温润滑剂的连续光滑釉质层,摩擦系数和磨损率大幅降低,磨损形式主要为氧化磨损和黏着磨损.     

30CrMnSiNi2A钢干滑动摩擦磨损特性研究

利用销盘高速干滑动摩擦磨损试验机,对30Cr Mn Si Ni2A低合金超高强度钢的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究,应用JSM-6390A型扫描电子显微镜和X-衍射方法对摩擦磨损表面进行观察,表征其摩擦表面的微观形貌、摩擦磨损产生的磨屑以及由于摩擦产热而引起的氧化物,进而推断出磨损机制.结果表明:摩擦系数随速度和载荷的增大而减少,其速度是影响摩擦系数的主要因素;在摩擦初期当摩擦系数快速下降时,摩擦表面温度急剧增加,当达到一定数值后二者都形成一个动态的平衡;随着速度和载荷增大,磨损机理主要由氧化磨损转变为剥落、塑性变形、犁沟以及黏着磨损,且磨损表层的氧化物由Fe O转变为Fe_3O_4和Fe_2O_3,当出现Fe_2O_3氧化物时,磨损率急剧升高.     

锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料的摩擦学性能

利用粉末冶金工艺设计和制备了新型润滑材料——锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料;在MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机上考察了其摩擦学性能,利用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了磨损表面形貌,进而探讨了其摩擦磨损机理.结果表明:锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料摩擦学性能优异,且偶件损伤轻微;所研制的锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料的摩擦学性能优于目前国内常用的金属润滑材料555铅青铜、6501锡青铜以及进口多层金属润滑材料;锡青铜梯度自润滑复合材料的优异减摩抗磨性能取决于其特殊的梯度结构.     

仿生微胶囊复合水润滑轴承材料的摩擦性能研究

水润滑尾轴承在低速重载的工况下常出现严重磨损的情况.为降低润滑不良造成的尾轴承磨损,本文中通过观察铁犁木表面结构,分析其自润滑机理,设计出仿生微胶囊复合水润滑轴承材料.复合材料以高密度聚乙烯为基底材料,含基础油的仿生微胶囊为添加剂,采用共混的方式加工成型.使用CBZ-1船舶轴系摩擦磨损试验机研究了仿生微胶囊复合材料在不同试验工况下的摩擦性能.通过分析复合材料的磨损量和表面形貌参数,得出复合材料的磨损机理.结果表明:试验工况条件下,仿生微胶囊复合材料能够提升材料的摩擦学性能,其中当仿生微胶囊质量分数为3%时提升效果最明显.该研究为仿生水润滑材料的结构设计以及性能提升等提供试验依据.     

The 7th International Conference on Fluid Mechanics May 24-27,2015,Qingdao,China

正http://www.icfm7.org First Announcement and Call for PapersThe objective of International Conference on Fluid Mechanics(ICFM)is to provide a forum for researchers to exchange new ideas and recent advances in the fields of theoretical,experimental,computational Fluid Mechanics as well as interdisciplinary subjects.It was successfully convened by the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics(CSTAM)in Beijing(1987,     

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Contributions： The Journal, Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, is pleased to receive papers from engineers and scientists working in various aspects of solid mechanics. All contributions are subject to critical review prior to acceptance and publication.     

基于鲁棒滤波的捷联导引头视线角速度估计方法

针对捷联导引头无法直接获取视线角速度等信息的问题,研究了鲁棒滤波在大气层外飞行器捷联导引头视线角速度估计中的应用。为了建立非线性滤波估计模型,考虑目标视线角速度的慢变特性,采用一阶马尔科夫模型建立了状态方程;推导了视线角速度的解耦模型,并建立了量测方程;考虑到实际应用中存在系统噪声统计特性失准的问题,基于Huber-Based鲁棒滤波方法,设计了视线角速度滤波器,并完成了基于Huber-Based滤波方法和扩展卡尔曼滤波方法的数学仿真。仿真结果表明Huber-Based滤波方法的视线角、视线角速度及视线角加速度估计精度分别达到0.1140'、0.1423'/s、0.0203'/s2,而扩展卡尔曼滤波方法的视线角、视线角速度及视线角加速度估计精度仅分别为0.6577'、0.6415'/s、0.0979'/s~2。仿真结果证明了该方法可以有效地估计出相对视线角速度等信息,并且在非高斯噪声的条件下,依然可获得较高的估计精度,具有一定的鲁棒性。     

Guide for authors

正Each of the sections below provides essential information for authors.We recommend that you take the time to read them before submitting a contribution to Acta Mechanica Sinica.We hope our guide to authors may help you navigate to the appropriate section.How to prepare a submission This document provides an outline of the editorial process involved in publishing a scientific paper in Acta Mechanica     

Use specification of multiscale materials for life spanned over macro-, micro-, nano-, and pico-scale

Multiscale material intends to enhance the strength and life of mechanical systems by matching the transmitted spatiotemporal energy distribution to the constituents at the different scale, say—macro, micro, nano, and pico,—, depending on the needs. Lower scale entities are, particularly, critical to small size systems. Large structures are less sensitive to microscopic effects. Scale shifting laws will be developed for relating test data from nano-, micro-, and macro-specimens. The benefit of reinforcement at the lower scale constituents needs to be justified at the macroscopic scale. Filling the void and space in regions of high energy density is considered.Material inhomogeneity interacts with specimen size. Their combined effect is non-equilibrium. Energy exchange between the environment and specimen becomes increasingly more significant as the specimen size is reduced. Perturbation of the operational conditions can further aggravate the situation. Scale transitional functions and/or f_j/j+1 are introduced to quantify these characteristics. They are represented, respectively, by , and (f_mi/ma,f_na/mi,f_pi/na). The abbreviations pi, na, mi, and ma refer to pico, nano, micro and macro.Local damage is assumed to initiate at a small scale, grows to a larger scale, and terminate at an even larger scale. The mechanism of energy absorption and dissipation will be introduced to develop a consistent book keeping system. Compaction of mass density for constituents of size 10⁻¹², 10⁻⁹, 10⁻⁶, 10⁻³ m, will be considered. Energy dissipation at all scales must be accounted for. Dissipations at the smaller scale must not only be included but they must abide by the same physical and mathematical interpretation, in order to avoid inconsistencies when making connections with those at the larger scale where dissipations are eminent.Three fundamental Problems I, II, and III are stated. They correspond to the commonly used service conditions. Reference is made to a Representative Tip (RT), the location where energy absorption and dissipation takes place. The RT can be a crack tip or a particle. At the larger size scales, RT can refer to a region. Scale shifting of results from the very small to the very large is needed to identify the benefit of using multiscale materials.     

Impact non-pénétrant sur le thorax : influence de la courbure sur la propagation des ondesNonpenetrating impact on the thorax: influence of curvature on wave propagation

Theoretical studies of the propagation of impact waves through the thorax are needed to improve the design of bulletproof jackets and blast protections (Fung in ‘Biomechanics Motions, Flow, Stress, and Growth’, Springer-Verlag, 1990; Cooper et al., J. Trauma 40 (1996) S38–S41). The influence of the weak acoustic coupling at the interface between the thoracic wall and the lung were described in (Grimal et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. IIB 329 (2001) 655–662); in this work, we study, within the frame of elastodynamics and with an approximate analytical method, the effects of the curvature of this interface. Results are given in terms of strain energy for the pressure wave, transmitted or converted. Focalisation of energy in the medium representing the lung is important for curvatures measured in humans. To cite this article: Q. Grimal et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 569–574.     

Vérification expérimentale de la relation de réciprocité d'Onsager pour l'électro-osmose et l'électro-filtration dans une argile naturelleExperimental verification of the Onsager's reciprocal relations for electro-osmosis and electro-filtration phenomena on a saturated clay

This Note is devoted to the experimental verification of the Onsager's reciprocal relations in the particular case of electro-osmosis and electro-filtration. A special set up has been designed to carry out the measurements of both the electro-osmotic permeability and the streaming potential. This has been performed by using a natural material i.e., saturated kaolinite. To cite this article: K. Beddiar et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 893–898.