成人家庭肠外营养患者PICC导管相关血流感染发病率的Meta分析

目的比较成人家庭肠外营养(HPN)患者经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管(PICC)与中心静脉导管(CVC)的导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)发病率,为HPN患者选择合适的静脉血管通路装置提供证据支持。方法计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、JBI图书馆、Pubmed、Embase、Ovid、Web of Science、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普数据库、万方及中国知网建库至2019年3月关于HPN患者CRBSI发病率的研究,应用Stata 13.0进行Meta分析。结果共纳入9篇队列研究文献,1 407例患者。Meta分析结果显示,使用PICC的HPN患者CRBSI发病率低于CVC (12.14%VS 37.18%,RR=0.42,95%CI:0.34～0.52)。有6篇文献报道CRBSI日发病率,结果显示PICC的CRBSI发病率低于CVC(12.97%VS 37.21%,RR=0.37,95%CI:0.23～0.60)。亚组分析结果显示,不同PICC置管方式组(超声引导、X线检查、未报道组)、报道CRBSI的诊断方法组、不同血管导管使用日数组(报道和未报道组)、报道感染菌群种类组PICC患者CRBSI发病率均低于CVC患者,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论与CVC相比,成人HPN患者选择PICC进行治疗时CRBSI的发生风险较低。     

中等长度导管及经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管导管相关血流感染发生率的Meta分析

 目的 通过Meta分析探究中等长度导管（MC）与经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管（PICC）静脉输液治疗导管相关血流感染（CRBSI）发生率,以期为临床静脉输液治疗过程防治CRBSI提供参考。方法 检索Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、Embase、Cochrane Library、ProQuest、CNKI、万方、维普、CBM数据库,收集MC与PICC发生的CRBSI相关研究,检索时间均为建库至2020年1月。由两名研究者按照纳入与排除标准独立检索、筛选文献、质量评价与提取资料,应用RevMan 5.3软件进行分析。结果 最终纳入文献15篇,共计34 235例患者,MC组CRBSI发生率为0.58%（43/7 392）,PICC组CRBSI发生率为0.53%（142/26 843）,Meta分析显示MC组CRBSI发生率低于PICC组（RR=0.63,95%CI=0.43~0.93,P=0.02）。除其他国家亚组MC组CRBSI发生率与PICC组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）外,中国亚组MC组CRBSI发生率低于PICC组（RR=0.21,95%CI=0.07~0.64）,美国亚组MC组CRBSI发生率低于PICC组（RR=0.53,95%CI=0.31~0.89）,英国亚组MC组CRBSI发生率高于PICC组（RR=3.67,95%CI=1.18~11.37）,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。成人亚组、其他亚组MC组CRBSI发生率与PICC组比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。随机对照研究亚组MC组CRBSI发生率低于PICC组［（RR=0.12,95%CI=0.02~0.66）,P=0.01］,回顾性队列研究亚组MC组CRBSI发生率与PICC组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。总体各研究间稳定性一般,质量良好和中等研究间稳定性好,无明显发表偏倚。结论 首次对MC与PICC发生CRBSI风险进行系统评价与Meta分析,静脉输液治疗过程中MC组CRBSI发生率低于PICC组,在同等条件下可考虑优先选择MC为患者进行静脉输液治疗。仍需更多高质量及儿童相关研究进一步评估、探究MC与PICC发生CRBSI的风险。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管与中心静脉置管在外科营养中的应用

目的 探讨经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管( PICC)与中心静脉置管(CVC)在外科肠外营养中的应用.方法 回顾性分析PICC与CVC的置管用时、置管成功率、导管留置时间、穿刺异常及不良反应.结果 CVC组置管操作平均时间(28.67±5.13) min短于PICC组的(45.20±6.89) min (P=0.035);PICC组平均导管留置时间(114.85±10.29)d长于CVC组的(24.78±8.42)d(P=0.033);PICC组与CVC组的置管成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);PICC组优于CVC组的并发症有5项,而CVC组优于PICC组的并发症仅为静脉炎.结论 对于长期营养(＞4周)的患者提倡使用PICC,护理管理者应着眼于PICC技术的培训与发展;而CVC具有置管操作时间短、流速快的优点,更适合于重症急诊患者的抢救治疗.     

两种中心静脉置管方法的临床应用比较

目的:对比两种中心静脉导管的置管方法特点及并发症. 方法:采用一次性经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)和单腔中心静脉导管(CVC).观察240例病人中,CVC组120例,应用单腔中心静脉导管行锁骨下静脉穿刺至上腔静脉;PICC组120例,应用一次性导管经外周静脉置入中心静脉. 结果:①置管成功率:PICC组117/120,占97.5%;CVC组120/120,占100%.②气、血胸并发症:PICC组无血气胸;CVC组1例,占0.83%.③导管移位:PICC组10例,占8.33%;CVC组1例,占0.83%.④静脉炎发生率:PICC组2例,占1.67%;CVC组无一例发生.⑤导管堵塞:PICC组17例,占14.17%;CVC组9例,占7.5%. 结论:PICC置管是一种安全、有效的中心静脉置管方法,部分治疗可取代锁骨下静脉穿刺导管,在临床上可达到与CVC相同的目的.     

经外周到中心静脉置管与传统中心静脉置管的对比

目的比较经外周静脉到中心静脉置管(PICC)与传统的经锁骨下静脉至中心静脉置管(CVC)两种方法的可靠性、有效性、优越性及并发症。方法对CVC55例患者和PICC63例患者进行前瞻性研究,观察指标:一次穿刺成功率,一次置管成功率,导管尖端异位和阻塞率及并发症的发生率。结果一次穿刺成功率PICC(96.8%)高于CVC(89.1%),u=1.659,P<0.05;一次置管成功率CVC(98.2%)高于PICC(90.5%),u=1.769,P<0.05;16G导管的PICC阻塞率(3%)与16G导管的CVC阻塞率(4%)差别不大,P>0.05;18G导管的PICC阻塞率(7.7%)高于16G导管的PICC阻塞率(3%),P<0.05;…     

经外周至中心静脉置管与传统中心静脉置管在老年病人中的应用

目的 :比较经外周静脉至中心静脉置管 (pcriphcrally inserted central catheters,PICC)与传统的经锁骨下静脉至中心静脉置管 (central venous cathetors,CVC)在老年病人临床应用中的优越性及并发症。　方法 :1988年 1月至 1999年 12月对 2 0例老年病人实施了 PICC,同时与 70例实施 CVC的老年病人进行对比分析 ,观察置管成功率和并发症发生率。　结果 :PICC与 CVC组穿刺置管成功率分别为 97.1%和 90 .0 % ,(χ2 =2 .97,P>0 .0 5 ) ;导管留置时间 PICC组 7～ 10 7天 ;中位数 (M) =14天 ;四分位间距 (Q) =2 5 .6 ;CVC组 8～ 90天 ;M=16天 ;Q=2 7.4;导管阻塞率分别为 11.4%和 4.2 % ;(χ2 =2 .47,P >0 .0 5 ) ;导管尖端误入颈内静脉 PICC组为 1.4% ,CVC为组5 .7% (χ2 =1.0 3,P>0 .0 5 ) ;导管感染率 PICC组为 1.4% ,导管尖端细菌培养和血培养阴性 ;CVC组为 2 .8% ,1例导管尖端细菌培养和血培养呈阳性 (χ2 =0 .34 ,P>0 .0 5 ) ;导管脱出 PICC组为 4.2 % ;CVC组为 1.4% (χ2 =1.0 3,P>0 .0 5 ) ;PICC组 3例 (4.2 % )发生外周静脉炎 ,CVC组有 2例 (2 .9% )发生气胸 ;CVC组有 7例穿刺置管失败病例改用 PICC方法均获成功 ,两组病人无深静脉血栓发生。　结论 :PICC具有置管成功率高 ,可以避免气胸、血管损伤等     

流程管理预防经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的效果

目的 评估制订标准流程管理对预防经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)相关性血流感染的效果.方法 制订预防PICC导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的标准管理流程,对全院PICC置管实行统一管理,比较流程管理前后CRBSI的发生情况.结果 流程管理前每1000个导管留置日的CRBSI发生率为6.0‰(48/79 783),明显高于流程管理后的2.9‰(29/99643)(P=0.000).结论 遵照标准程序统一管理,早期护理干预能够有效预防和控制PICC相关性感染.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the role of process management in preventing peripheral central venous catheter (PICC)-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI). Methods A standard process management policy was established for the uniform management of PICC in our hospital. The incidences of CRBSI before and after the implementation of this policy were compared. Results The incidences of CRBSI was 6.0‰ (48/79 793 ) every 1000 catheter-days before process management and 2.9‰ (29/99643) after process management (P =0.000).Conclusion Standard process management can effectively prevent and control CRBSI caused by PICC.     

女性常见肿瘤经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管后导管相关性血流感染病原菌分布特征及预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨女性常见肿瘤经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)后导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)病原菌分布特征及预后影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年7月—2021年7月温州医科大学附属第二医院收治的100例女性常见肿瘤PICC置管后CRBSI患者的临床资料,分析病原菌分布特征及28 d内死亡率,应用COX回归模型分析预后影响因素,绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,分析生存状况。结果 100例患者中,共检出123株病原菌,以革兰阳性菌(51.21%)为主。100例患者中,感染28 d内死亡率为15.00%(15/100),生存率为85.00%(85/100)。COX回归模型结果显示：白细胞计数(WBC)、Pitt菌血症评分、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、留置导管时间、侵入性操作、临床分期、感染性休克、病原菌感染类型是女性常见肿瘤PICC置管后CRBSI患者死亡的高危因素(均P<0.05)。结论 女性常见肿瘤PICC置管后CRBSI患者病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主,预后影响因素包括病原菌感染类型、感染性休克、WBC、侵入性操作、留置导管时间等,建议根据药敏...     

新生儿PICC相关血流感染的危险因素

目的探讨新生儿经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)相关血流感染的发病情况及危险因素。方法回顾性分析某院2016年1月—2017年12月新生儿病房PICC导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)的发生情况,分别采用单因素和多因素分析CRBSI的危险因素。结果共有424例PICC置管新生儿,总置管日数为9 207 d,53例新生儿发生CRBSI,发病率为5.76/1 000导管日。共检出57株病原菌,主要为革兰阳性菌(20株,占35.09%)。危险因素分析结果显示,出生体质量≤1 500 g、置管日数≥20 d、5 min Apgar评分≤7分是PICC置管新生儿发生CRBSI的独立危险因素。结论医务人员可采取针对性措施减少新生儿CRBSI的发生,尤其是出生体质量低于1 500 g、出生5 min Apgar评分≤7分、置管日数≥20 d的新生儿。     

血液透析患者中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的病原菌分布与耐药性及相关因素分析

目的分析经中心静脉导管(CVC)血液透析患者导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的病原菌分布、耐药性及相关因素,为医院感染预防和控制工作提供客观依据。方法选取2012年1月-2016年12月经CVC血液透析治疗的患者146例作为研究对象,对其CRBSI的发生率、临床资料、血液指标及发生CRBSI患者CVC血液样本中的病原菌分布、耐药性进行观察和比较。结果有61例患者发生CRBSI,感染率为41.8%;logistic多元回归分析显示,合并糖尿病、NE≥70%、sCr≥750μmol/L、RBC<3×1012/L、Alb<35g/L、Hb<90g/L是CVC血液透析患者发生CRBSI的独立危险因素(P<0.05);分离出67株病原菌,其中,革兰阳性菌40株占59.70%、革兰阴性菌25株占37.31%、真菌2株占2.99%;革兰阳性菌对青霉素G等药物的耐药率较高,革兰阴性菌对头孢曲松等药物的耐药率较高。结论 CVC血液透析合并CRBSI的病原菌分布、耐药性和相关危险因素具有一定的特征性,临床医务人员应对其进行准确的识别和有效的干预,选用敏感抗菌药物进行抗感染治疗,从而降低血液透析患者导管相关性血流感染的发生率。     

Role of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Home Parenteral Nutrition

Background: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has become a common therapy, with tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) being preferred for its administration. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are not currently recommended for long‐term HPN, although evidence to support this statement is scarce. The authors aimed to evaluate the outcomes of HPN, focusing on CVC‐related complications. Materials and Methods: All patients attended at the authors’ center for HPN from 2007–2011 were prospectively included. HPN composition aimed at 20–35 kcal/kg/d, 3–6 g/kg/d of glucose, 1.0 g/kg/d of amino acids, and <1 g/kg/d of lipids. HPN was infused in an intermittent schedule, mostly at night. Catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) were confirmed with positive semi‐quantitative or quantitative culture of the catheter or simultaneous differential blood cultures drawn through the CVC and peripheral vein. Results: Seventy‐two patients received HPN, with 79 implanted CVCs (48 PICCs, 10 Hickman, and 21 ports). Mean catheter‐days were 129.1 for PICCs, 98.5 for Hickman, and 67.7 for ports (P = .685). When analyzing CRBSIs, ports had 44, Hickman had 20, and PICC had 0 episodes per 1000 catheter‐days (P = .078). Only PICCs showed less incidence of CRBSIs vs ports (P = .043). Multivariate logistic regression, correcting by catheter‐days, patients’ age and sex, underlying disease, and type of catheter, showed that only catheter‐days (P = .031) was a predictor for CRBSIs (P = .007, Nagelkerke R= = 0.246). Conclusion: PICCs are similar in terms of catheter‐related complications to other CVCs for the administration of HPN, especially for oncology patients with HPN lasting <6 months.     

Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infections in Adults Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition: Substantial Differences in Incidence Comparing a Strict Microbiological to a Clinically Based Diagnosis

Background: A common complication in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). The CRBSI incidence has been advocated as an outcome parameter assessing the quality of care. This study aimed to illustrate how the use of different CRBSI definitions affects the reported incidence. Materials and Methods: In an observational study based on the Copenhagen intestinal failure database, all clinically reported CRBSIs from 2002–2013 were compared with data from the affiliated microbiological database according to recommended CRBSI criteria. Results: Clinically, 1034 CRBSIs were observed in 548 adults receiving HPN for 1410 catheter‐years. Thus, the clinically assessed CRBSI incidence was 1.95/1000 catheter‐days. However, based on the microbiological evaluation, only 47% of our episodes fulfilled the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and European Society for Clinical Nutrition (ESPEN) CRBSI criteria. Employing a catheter‐salvaging strategy, 40% of the CRBSI diagnoses were supported by the paired blood culture positivity criteria and only 6% by a positive catheter tip. In 53%, CRBSIs were categorized as a clinical or “probable CRBSI” diagnosis. In 20% of all episodes, missing information/blood cultures hampered a CDC/ESPEN CRBSI diagnosis. Thereby, according to CDC/ESPEN CRBSI definitions, the incidence was 0.92/1000 days or 46% lower than clinically assessed. Conclusion: This study illustrates the practical and methodological challenges and great variability in reporting of the CRBSI incidence. Nonetheless, it is recommended as a marker of the quality of care. Consensus regarding CRBSI definitions is a prerequisite for a meaningful comparison of this important outcome parameter between HPN centers.     

Catheter Salvage After Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infection During Home Parenteral Nutrition

Background: Catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is a common complication in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Data regarding catheter salvage after a CRBSI episode are limited. We aimed to determine the incidence of CRBSI and rates of catheter salvage in adult patients receiving HPN. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively searched our prospectively maintained HPN database for the records of all adult patients receiving HPN from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2013, at our tertiary referral center. Data abstracted from the medical records included demographics, diseases, treatments, and outcomes. The incidence of CRBSI and rates of catheter salvage were determined. Results: Of 1040 patients identified, 620 (59.6%) were men. The median total duration on HPN was 124.5 days (interquartile range, 49.0–345.5 days). Mean (SD) age at HPN initiation was 53.3 (15.3) years. During the study period, 465 CRBSIs developed in 187 patients (18%). The rate of CRBSI was 0.64/1000 catheter days. Overall, 70% of catheters were salvaged (retained despite CRBSI) during the study period: 78% of infections with coagulase‐negative staphylococci, 87% with methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and 27% with methicillin‐resistant S aureus. The percentage of catheters salvaged was 63% from 1990 to 1994, 63% from 1995 to 1999, 61% from 2000 to 2004, 72% from 2005 to 2009, and 76% from 2010 to 2013. Conclusion: Catheter salvage is possible after a CRBSI episode. Since most episodes of CRBSI are caused by skin commensals, effective treatment without removal of the central venous catheter is possible in most cases.     

Environmental Risk Factors for Developing Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infection in Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients

Background: Tunneled, cuffed, central venous catheters, including Hickman catheters and peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs), are the most commonly used venous access for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) therapy. Catheter‐related bloodstream infection is the most prevalent and severe complication. This study investigated whether environmental risk factors, including smoking, catheter management by a home care nurse, colectomy with stoma, number of infusion days per week, and C‐reactive protein at catheter insertion day, influenced the time to first catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). Materials and Methods: In this 6‐year (2008–2014) observational cohort study, adult patients with intestinal failure receiving HPN through either Hickman catheters or PICCs were included. Data were obtained by reviewing medical records, and the environmental risk factors were analyzed with the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: A total of 295 catheters (Hickman catheters: n = 169 and PICCs: n = 126) inserted into 136 patients were registered. Using the PICCs, 1 additional infusion day per week showed to significantly decrease the time to first CRBSI by a factor of 2.47. Hickman catheters managed by a home care nurse had a significantly increased mean (SD) incidence of CRBSI of 1.45 (0.68) per 1000 catheter days. Hickman catheters not managed by a home care nurse had a mean (SD) incidence of 0.56 (0.24). Conclusion: Using the PICC, 1 additional infusion day per week decreased the time to first CRBSI, while having the Hickman catheter managed by a home care nurse increased the mean CRBSI incidence. No other risk factors were found.     

Risk Factors for the Development of Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infections in Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition

Background: Risk factors for development of catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) were studied in 125 adults and 18 children who received home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Methods: Medical records from a national home care pharmacy were reviewed for all patients that had HPN infused at least twice weekly for a minimum of two years from January 1, 2006‐December 31, 2011. Infection and risk factor data were collected during this time period on all patients although those patients who received HPN for a longer period had data collected since initiation of HPN. Results: In adults, 331 central venous catheters (CVCs) were placed. Total catheter years were 1157. Median CVC dwell time was 730 days. In children, there were 53 CVCs placed. Total catheter years were 113.1. Median CVC dwell time was 515 days. There were 147 CRBSIs (0.13/catheter year;0.35/1000 catheter days). In children there were 33 CRBSIs (0.29/catheter year;0.80/1000 days; P < .001 versus adults). In adults, univariate analysis showed use of subcutaneous infusion ports instead of tunneled catheters (P = .001), multiple lumen catheters (P = .001), increased frequency of lipid emulsion infusion (P = .001), obtaining blood from the CVC (P < 0.001), and infusion of non‐PN medications via the CVC (P < .001) were significant risk factors for CRBSI. Increased PN frequency was associated with increased risk of CRBSI (P = .001) in children, but not in adults. Catheter disinfection with povidone‐iodine was more effective than isopropyl alcohol alone. There were insufficient patients to evaluate chlorhexidine‐containing regimens. Conclusion: Numerous risk factors for CRBSI were identified for which simple and current countermeasures already exist.     

Central Venous Catheter Salvage in Home Parenteral Nutrition Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infections

Background: Catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) are a serious complication in the provision of home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Antibiotic salvage of central venous catheters (CVCs) in CRBSI is recommended; however, this is based on limited reports. We assessed the efficacy of antibiotic salvage of CRBSIs in HPN patients. Materials and Methods: All confirmed CRBSIs occurring in patients receiving HPN in a national intestinal failure unit (IFU), between 1993 and 2011, were analyzed. A standardized protocol involving antibiotic and urokinase CVC locks and systemic antibiotics was used. Results: In total, 588 patients were identified with a total of 2134 HPN years, and 297 CRBSIs occurred in 137 patients (65 single and 72 multiple CRBSIs). The overall rate of CRBSI in all patients was 0.38 per 1000 catheter days. Most (87.9%) infections were attributable to a single microorganism. In total, 72.5% (180/248) of CRBSIs were salvaged when attempted (coagulase‐negative staphylococcus, 79.8% [103/129], Staphylococcus aureus, 56.7% [17/30]; polymicrobial infections, 67.7% [21/30]; and miscellaneous, 66.1% [39/59]). CVC salvage was not attempted in 49 episodes because of life‐threatening sepsis (n = 18), fungal infection (n = 7), catheter problems (n = 20), and CVC tunnel infection (n = 4). Overall, the CVC was removed in 33.7% (100/297) of cases. There were 5 deaths in patients admitted to the IFU for management of the CRBSI (2 severe sepsis at presentation, 3 metastatic infection). Conclusions: This is the largest reported series of catheter salvage in CRBSIs and demonstrates successful catheter salvage in most cases when using a standardized protocol.     

肿瘤患者PICC导管相关血流感染危险因素的logistic回归分析

目的探讨肿瘤患者经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管导管相关血流感染(PICC-CRBSI)的危险因素。方法选取2015年2月—2017年2月荆州市某三级甲等医院中心静脉置管登记数据库中能获取完整资料的PICC患者。将48例确诊为PICC-CRBSI的肿瘤患者作为研究对象,1∶1配对进行病例对照研究,通过条件logistic回归分析,筛选主要危险因素。结果共有PICC置管患者1 357例,纳入698例,发生PICC-CRBSI 48例,发病率为6.88%;PICC总插管日数为13 953 d,每千导管日发病率为3.44‰。穿刺次数≥3次(OR=2.05)、X线胸片定位(OR=4.23)、未按时维护(OR=2.17)是PICC-CRBSI发生的独立危险因素。结论 PICC-CRBSI与穿刺次数、定位方法、维护频率等因素有关,针对PICC置管患者减少穿刺次数、置管过程中采用心电图(EKG)定位、按时维护可减少PICC-CRBSI的发生。     

Taurolidine Lock in Home Parenteral Nutrition in Adults

Background and Aim: Many techniques have been tested to reduce the incidence of catheter‐relater bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) during home parenteral nutrition (HPN). One of these methods, taurolidine lock, has shown some potential in several studies, but it has been studied primarily in patients with a relatively high CRBSI rate. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the clinical value of taurolidine in patients receiving HPN who have a low infection rate. Methods: The CRBSI ratio at the Skawina HPN center has remained at 0.3–0.4 episodes/patient/y for the past 7 years. In November 2012, 30 patients (17 men, 13 women, mean age 52.3 years) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: 2% taurolidine lock (group A), 1.35% taurolidine + citrate lock (B), and control—saline flush (C). Patients were observed for 12 consecutive months for catheter‐related complications. Blood cultures were collected in each case in which an infection was suspected. Results: The total number of catheter days reached 10,968, with the following number of days per group: group A, 3658; group B, 3650; and group C, 3660. No complications were observed in the control group, while patients in the study groups had 1 catheter infection (group A) and 1 occlusion (group B). The CRBSIs were treated successfully with antibiotics. The cost of treatment in groups A and B was significantly higher than that in group C (P < .05). Conclusion: The study did not observe any additional clinical value of taurolidine in patients receiving HPN who have a low infection rate and found low cost‐effectiveness. Taurolidine should most likely be used only in patients with a high CRBSI rate.     

头孢他啶/阿维巴坦治疗革兰阴性菌感染疗效和安全性的Meta分析

 目的 评价头孢他啶/阿维巴坦（CAZ/AVI）治疗革兰阴性菌感染的疗效与安全性。方法 检索国内外数据库关于CAZ/AVI疗效与安全性的随机对照试验（RCT）,以临床治愈率为主要结局,微生物清除率与不良反应发生率为次要结局,应用Review Manage 5.3进行Meta分析。结果 7项RCT（3 792例患者）纳入Meta分析,在患者结束治疗时（RR=0.99,95%CI=0.96~1.01）、检测治愈时（RR=0.99,95%CI=0.96~1.02）、最后随访时（RR=1.00,95%CI=0.96~1.03）,CAZ/AVI组与对照组临床治愈率比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;微生物学改良意向治疗（mMITT）患者在检测治愈时,CAZ/AVI组与对照组临床治愈率比较,差异无统计学意义（RR=0.95,95%CI=0.89~1.00,P=0.06）,结束治疗时对照组优于CAZ/AVI组（RR=0.95,95%CI=0.92~0.98,P=0.005）。mMITT患者在结束治疗时（RR=1.00,95%CI=0.97~1.03）、检测治愈时（RR=1.07,95%CI=0.92~1.25）,CAZ/AVI组与对照组微生物清除率比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05,）,最后随访时CAZ/AVI组优于对照组（RR=1.12,95%CI=1.01~1.23,P=0.03）。CAZ/AVI组不良反应以及因不良反应导致停药发生率与对照组基本相似,但严重不良反应发生率CAZ/AVI组高于对照组（RR=1.26,95%CI=1.01~1.57,P=0.04）。结论 CAZ/AVI的疗效与其他抗菌药物相似,可以作为严重感染的替代药物,但考虑其严重不良反应发生率高于其他药物,仍需要更多高质量大规模的研究论证CAZ/AVI的安全性。