双幕墙长矩形建筑风荷载特性的试验研究

以节能、生态为理念的双幕墙围护体系已逐步应用于高层办公建筑中。由于双幕墙之间存在通风廊道,因此对于双幕墙建筑有三个受风表面,即外层幕墙的内表面和外表面以及内幕墙的外表面,这使得风载取值变得复杂,目前也无规范可依。本文通过对杭州市某双幕墙办公楼的风洞试验研究,探讨了双幕墙建筑内、外层幕墙的风载取值问题;研究了门厅大跨挑篷风压分布特征,当风从侧面吹向挑篷时,挑篷上、下表面风载与普通屋盖挑篷相同,而当风从正面吹向挑篷时,挑篷上表面出现正风压,并对此现象进行了分析;文中针对该建筑物长宽比较大的特点,比较了大长宽比矩形建筑风载体型系数与规范给出的正方形建筑风载体型系数:当风沿建筑物长向流动时,采用规范给出的正方形建筑风载体型系数是可行的,当风沿建筑物进深方向流动时,其两侧及背风面的负压比正方形的大。     

洞口设置对高层建筑静力风荷载的影响研究

本文对涉及两种开洞率、三种不同开洞位置和全封闭(无洞口)的八个高层建筑刚性模型的表面平均风压分布进行了风洞试验研究,并与计算流体动力学(CFD)大型商业软件Fluent6.0的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,开洞建筑平均风压的减少主要是受荷面积减少引起的,但其减少的比率大于开洞率。此外,借助Fluent6.0对不同开洞率情况下的建筑模型进行了大量算例分析,得到了中部开洞建筑模型的平均风压系数相对值和基底弯矩系数相对值与开洞率之间的相关方程;探讨了底部开洞建筑模型洞内平均风速的增大效应与洞口大小、来流方向之间的关系。分析表明,在最不利来流风向角情况下,洞中最大平均风速可超过建筑模型顶部的远处来流风速,应引起建筑风环境设计者的关注。     

既有建筑玻璃抗风压计算案例分析与比较

论文通过对既有建筑检测鉴定中的建筑玻璃抗风压计算复核实例,对建筑玻璃抗风压计算校核方法进行分析、比较、总结经验,并在现行标准下提出建筑玻璃抗风压计算应如何选用标准,以期为既有建筑检测鉴定工作提供参考.     

设有外镂空装饰结构的扭转体型高层建筑风荷载研究

对设有外镂空装饰结构的扭转体型高层建筑的风荷载采用风洞试验方法进行研究,分析扭转体型高层建筑风压和风荷载合力的分布特征,研究装饰结构对主体结构风压分布的影响、装饰结构自身内外表面的风压分布特点,比较有无装饰结构的扭转体型高层建筑风荷载合力。结果表明：扭转体型对主体结构的局部风压和扭矩产生较大的影响,但对主体结构X向和Y向风荷载合力的影响不大;装饰结构对主体结构迎风面和背风面的风压影响较小,但能明显减小主体结构侧风面风压的平均值和脉动效应,使得主体结构的极值负压得到降低,有利于围护结构的抗风设计;装饰结构上同一位置内外表面的平均风压非常接近,合成的净压值很小;装饰结构对于主体结构的平均风荷载影响较小,但降低了主体结构风荷载的脉动效应,对主体结构的抗风有利。     

梁柱凹凸布置对规则巨型框架结构表面风压计算的影响

风压沿建筑物表面的分布具有复杂性,现行的GB50009-2001《建筑结构荷载规范》对风荷载平均风压取值的简化计算标准,只考虑到了大气层风压高度和建筑物体型等因素的影响。本文在风洞试验的基础上,通过对试验数据的数值分析和拟合,发现建筑物表面粗糙程度对建筑物表面的风压分布影响相当明显,并在此基础上得出了风压沿巨型框架结构不同表面粗糙程度下的简化计算公式。算例研究表明,建筑物表面不同粗糙程度引起的风压分布变化对规则巨型框架结构变形的影响较大,在设计中应予以考虑。     

广州合景大厦所受风荷载的特点

合景大厦体型复杂，在数值模拟与风洞试验结果比较的基础上，主要用数值风洞模拟方法研究了该大厦所受风荷载的特点。通过多种方案的计算分析发现：大厦屋顶大面积悬臂结构对总体风荷栽影响较大，但开口后可适当减小悬臂结构上的平均风荷栽，也可大大减少其脉动风压；弧形墙侧边悬臂结构对整体风荷栽的影响小，但应重视其局部风压的取值；大厦弧形表面可有利于减小迎风面的最大平均风压，而周围环境对舍景大厦风荷载的影响很大。     

厦门市高层建筑群风场的数值风洞模拟分析

针对高层建筑群的风压、风荷载的分布问题,应用数值风洞方法模拟厦门市高层建筑密集区的风场,并根据数值模拟结果分析高层建筑群静力风效应的一些基本特点。分析结果表明:风场上游的高层建筑对下游的建筑有一定的遮掩效应;当建筑物之间间距较小时,容易产生狭缝效应;在建筑群的外围,迎风面平均风压力较大。同时根据上述分析结果,提出了一些具体的设计建议。     

Effects of building height and porosity on pedestrian level wind comfort in a high-density urban built environment

Pedestrian level wind environment is affected by stagnated airflow in high-density cities. This study provides an understanding of the effects of building height and porosity size on pedestrian level wind comfort. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is utilized to reproduce wind flow around buildings at pedestrian level, and new wind comfort criteria for a low wind environment are adopted to evaluate wind comfort. More specifically, the Steady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) renormalization group (RNG) k–ε turbulence model is employed in this study, and the accuracy of the simulation results are assured by validation against the wind tunnel test data. The influence of different building heights and porosity sizes on wind comfort around an isolated building and a group of buildings are subsequently examined. It is shown that an increase building height could improve wind comfort inside the site boundary for both the isolated building and group of buildings. Furthermore, the wind comfort benefits increased when porosity is on the first floor compared to when it is on the second floor. Moreover, larger porosity size generally results in better wind comfort than smaller porosity size. From a practical view point, this study provides information for city planners and architects to use in the improvement of pedestrian level wind comfort, without losing land use efficacy.     

Interference effects on wind loading of a row of closely spaced tall buildings

Interference effects on a row of square-plan tall buildings arranged in close proximity are investigated with wind tunnel experiments. Wind forces and moments on each building in the row are measured with the base balance under different wind incidence angles and different separation distances between buildings. As a result of sheltering, inner buildings inside the row are found to experience much reduced wind load components acting along direction of the row (x) at most wind angles, as compared to the isolated building situation. However, these load components may exhibit phenomena of upwind-acting force and even negative drag force. Increase in x-direction wind loads is observed on the upwind edge building when wind blows at an oblique angle to the row. Other interference effects on y-direction wind loads and torsion are described. Pressure measurements on building walls and numerical computation of wind flow are carried out at some flow cases to explore the interference mechanisms. At wind angle around 30° to the row, wind is visualized to flow through the narrow building gaps at high speeds, resulting in highly negative pressure on associated building walls. This negative pressure and the single-wake behavior of flow over the row of buildings provide explanations for the observed interference effects. Interference on fluctuating wind loads is also investigated. Across-wind load fluctuations are much smaller than the isolated building case with the disappearance of vortex shedding peak in the load spectra. Buildings in a row thus do not exhibit resonant across-wind response at reduced velocities around 10 as an isolated square-plan tall building.     

高层建筑水平悬挑遮阳板风荷载的风洞试验研究

高层建筑悬挑遮阳板等小尺寸构件直接承受风荷载作用,在强风作用下的安全性备受关注。相对于建筑的整体尺寸,悬挑遮阳板很小,难以在缩尺模型上直接模拟,因此在实际工程的风洞试验研究中常常被简化或者忽略。研究中利用3D打印技术制作了精细化的有悬挑遮阳板的高层建筑风洞试验模型,并在打印遮阳板模型时直接预留测压管道,分析了水平悬挑遮阳板的风压分布规律及遮阳板对建筑立面风压的影响,并对基于建筑立面风压的悬挑遮阳板风压估计方法的估算误差进行了评估。研究结果表明：高层建筑水平悬挑遮阳板的最不利净风压的最大值出现在顶层遮阳板处;水平悬挑遮阳板的存在能较大程度地削弱建筑立面上的最不利负风压;悬挑遮阳板最不利风压可利用其上下两侧附近建筑立面测点的风压差近似估计,但对于建筑立面边缘附近的悬挑遮阳板端部以及建筑底部附近的最底层悬挑遮阳板上的最不利风压,这种方法的估算误差较大。     

Active control of tall buildings against stochastic wind forces

This paper presents the design of active control forces for tall buildings subjected to stochastic wind forces, in order to suppress the vibrations in the building. From the available data on wind speeds, the spectral density function of the wind forces can be evaluated. A filter is designed to simulate the spectrum of the wind forces in order to design the stochastic control forces. A numerical example is given for the active control of a tall building against stochastic wind, using an active tendon mechanism. The possibility of completely suppressing the vibrations in the building using this approach is demonstrated.     

Sensitivity of air change rates in a naturally ventilated atrium space subject to variations in external wind speed and direction

Design guidelines for natural ventilation (NV) in buildings focus on the potential hourly air change (ACH) rates based on the building space parameters. Critically, external airflow data is often assumed on the basis of a single mean wind speed and an associated prevailing wind direction. This can result in significant variation in ventilation rates and comfort conditions when non-design external wind conditions prevail. This paper describes a CFD study aimed at examining the influence of variations in external wind speed and direction on the air change rate for the atrium space of a two-storey naturally ventilated building. The building atrium is ventilated by a series of entry vents on one wall of the building in conjunction with roof vents. External wind speeds from 25 to 250% of the mean site wind speed (5.7 m/s) were examined and found to result in an almost linear increase in the ACH rate. For a single wind speed, the relationship between wind direction and the ACH rate was also found to be approximately linear for wind directions between 0° and 90° (orthogonal and parallel) to the wall vent openings, but non-linear for other wind directions (90–135°). More generally, the significant variation in the atrium ACH rate with changes in external wind conditions, evident in this particular building model, illustrates the importance of considering non-design wind conditions when designing NV buildings.     

风与建筑节能

阐述了风与建筑节能的关系.介绍利用风促进室内通风换气和风力发电的建筑节能方法,说明风在建筑节能上具有的重要作用,指出建筑师利用风实现建筑节能的责任.     

椭圆形双塔高层建筑风效应试验研究

多塔建筑的风荷载效应不同于单塔建筑,相互间存在风力相互干扰的群体效应,上风向建筑风尾流对下风向建筑存在增大效应.本文通过风洞试验,得到椭圆形高层建筑的风荷载效应、风荷载体型系数、风荷载相互干扰的增大系数,以供工程借鉴.     

基于风洞试验的高层建筑钢结构风致加速度研究

对钢结构高层建筑群中的典型狭长形建筑进行了表面风压的风洞模型试验,分别考虑了建筑为单体和群体的情况。利用试验获得的风荷载时程对该高层结构进行风振响应的动力时程分析,并着重对得到的与风致舒适度关联的加速度响应进行分析和讨论,对比群体效应对顺风向、横风向和扭转向峰值加速度的不同影响。结果表明,对于平面为狭长形的住宅钢结构高层建筑,扭转效应引起的风致峰值加速度不容忽略;而群体效应一般对结构的加速度呈增大趋势,而且对横风向及扭转向的增大程度通常大于对顺风向的程度。     

从风环境试验看建筑群对自身风环境的影响——深圳福田商城建筑风洞风环境试验研究

本文作者从建筑风环境的试验目的和评价标准出发 ,以试验原始数据为基础 ,对自成一个建筑群的深圳福田商城的风洞风环境试验结果进行了分析。     

Wind tunnel tests on the relationship between building density and pedestrian-level wind velocity: Development of guidelines for realizing acceptable wind environment in residential neighborhoods

The main purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between the building density and the average wind velocity at pedestrian level in residential neighborhoods. This paper firstly presents the results of wind tunnel tests on 22 residential neighborhoods selected from actual Japanese cities. The results show that there is a strong relationship between the gross building coverage ratio and the mean wind velocity ratio. Secondly, the wind environment evaluation for case study areas is performed by using the wind tunnel results and the climatic conditions of several major Japanese cities. The development method of guidelines for realizing acceptable wind environment in residential neighborhoods using the gross building coverage ratio is proposed.     

Full-scale measurements of wind effects on the Jin Mao building

The Jin Mao Building located in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, which has a height of 420.5 m and 88 floors, is currently the tallest building in Mainland China. This paper presents some selected results obtained from the full-scale measurements of wind effects on the Jin Mao Building during the passage of Typhoon Rananim in August, 2004. The field data including acceleration responses, wind speed and wind direction were simultaneously and continuously recorded during Typhoon Rananim. Detailed analysis of the field data was conducted to investigate wind effects on the super tall building. The characteristics of typhoon-generated wind and wind-induced responses of the 88-storey building are presented and discussed. Dynamic properties of the building are determined based on the field measurements, and comparison with those calculated from the finite element model of the building is made. The amplitude-dependent characteristics of damping that were obtained using the random decrement technique on the basis of the field measurements are investigated. Furthermore, wind tunnel experiment is conducted to study wind effects on the Jin Mao Building through force balance model test, and the full-scale measurements are compared with the wind tunnel test results for verification of wind tunnel test techniques. Finally, the serviceability of the super tall building under typhoon conditions is discussed.     

Pedestrian-level wind environment near a super-tall building with unconventional configurations in a regular urban area

Unconventional configurations of tall buildings are noticeably different from their counterpart of traditional building designs but nevertheless, the unconventional configurations have often been adopted for tall buildings without their impact on the pedestrian-level wind environment (PLWE) fully understood. To fill the existing knowledge gap, this study investigates the PLWE near a 400 m super-tall building with various conventional and unconventional configurations in a regular urban area. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted for three incident wind directions (θ = 0°, 22.5°, and 45°) to investigate mean wind speed at the pedestrian level using the three-dimensional (3D), steady-state, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) technique. The results reveal 1.5- to 2.5-fold increase in maximum wind speed in the urban area after the construction of a super-tall building. The magnitude of the maximum wind speed and areas with high and low wind speeds in the PLWE, however, significantly vary with building design and incident wind direction. The configurations with sharp corners, large plan aspect ratios and frontal areas and the orientation consistently show a strong dependency on incident wind direction except the one with rounded plan shapes. The location of building openings and direction of building inclination are two other factors that modify the PLWE in an urban area. Moreover, the projected width of the super-tall building at a height slightly above the roof level of surrounding buildings is critical for estimating the areas of high and low wind speed at the pedestrian level.

     

Wind-induced loading and dynamic responses of a row of tall buildings under strong interference

This paper studies wind-induced interference effects on a row of five square-plan tall buildings arranged in close proximity. Mean and fluctuating wind loads are measured on each building member and wind-induced dynamic responses of the building are estimated with the high-frequency force-balance technique. The modifications of building responses from interference over a practical range of reduced velocities are represented by an envelope interference factor. Wind tunnel experiments and response analysis are carried out under all possible angles of wind incidence, at four different building separation distances, and for two arrangement patterns of buildings in the row, that is the parallel and diamond patterns. It is found that building interference leads to amplified dynamic responses in many cases but reduction in responses also occurs at some wind incidence. For a building row of the parallel pattern, five distinct wind incidence sectors of different levels and mechanisms of interference effect can be identified. The largest values of envelope interference factors can reach 2.4 for the torsional responses. When the row of tall buildings is arranged in the diamond pattern, increase in wind excitation occurs at many wind angles due to a “wind catchment” effect. The interference factors have larger peak values, reaching 2.1 in the sway directions and above 4 in torsion. However, all large amplifications of building responses do not occur in the situations of peak resonant dynamic responses of the single isolated building. Thus, the design values of peak dynamic responses of a tall building are not significantly magnified when placed in a row.