Genetic variation in isozymes of wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus Linné)

Eleven isozyme systems were investigated in wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus L.) by means of horizontal starch gel-electrophoresis using liver and kidney extracts. Samples of 103 specimen that originated from three adjunct localities from Rhineland-Palatinate (Fed. Rep. Germany) were analysed. AAT, ACO, GDH, GPDH, LDH, ME, MPI, MR, PGDH, and PGI were invariant. Genetic polymorphism is described for PGM. The genetic polymorphism at Pgm2 is explained by a biallelic model. Observed genotypic structure did not differ significantly from Hardy-Wein-berg-proportions at this gene locus. The degree of heterozygosity is 58,3 % and Wright's Fixation Index F =–0.166 at Pgm2. The allelic structure at this gene locus differed to a great extent from that found in domestic swine, i. e. in domestic swine the faster migrating Pgm2 allozyme was only found in relative low frequencies compared to wild boar. The genetic polymorphisms were moderate in the wild boar population compared to electrophoretic data of other animal species.     

Candidate genes underlying heritable differences in reproductive seasonality between wild and domestic rabbits

Reproductive seasonality is a trait that often differs between domestic animals and their wild ancestors, with domestic animals showing prolonged or even continuous breeding seasons. However, the genetic basis underlying this trait is still poorly understood for most species, and because environmental factors and resource availability are known to play an important role in determining breeding seasons, it is also not clear in most cases to what extent this phenotypic shift is determined by the more lenient captive conditions or by genetic factors. Here, using animals resulting from an initial cross between wild and domestic rabbits followed by two consecutive backcrosses (BC1 and BC2) to wild rabbits, we evaluated the yearly distribution of births for the different generations. Similar to domestic rabbits, F1 animals could be bred all year round but BC1 and BC2 animals showed a progressive and significant reduction in the span of the breeding season, providing experimental evidence that reduced seasonal breeding in domestic rabbits has a clear genetic component and is not a simple by‐product of rearing conditions. We then took advantage of a recently published genome‐wide scan of selection in the domesticated lineage and searched for candidate genes potentially associated with this phenotypic shift. Candidate genes located within regions targeted by selection include well‐known examples of genes controlling clock functions (CRY1 and NR3C1) and reproduction (PRLR).     

Wheat storage proteins: glutenin diversity in wild emmer,Triticum dicoccoides,in Israel and Turkey. 2. DNA diversity detected by PCR

Germplasm of Triticum dicoccoides collected from different environments in Israel was evaluated by using the PCR as a molecular marker. Two pairs of primers were used in the PCR in amplifying the DNA tracts coding the high-and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits. Analyses reveal great variability within and between populations indicating the high values of this germplasm for future breeding programs to improve the protein quality in wheat.     

21个野生,培育及地方猪种免疫及生化遗传标记基因位点的遗传分化研究

分析了亚,欧,美,非２１个野生,培育及地方猪种４个免疫遗传标记基因位点（Ｅ,Ｆ,Ｇ,Ｌ系统）和３人生化遗传标记基因位点（Ｃｐ,Ａｍ和Ｔｆ）的遗传多态性,认为Ｅ＾ａｅｇ,Ｆ＾ａ,Ｔｆ＾ｃ基因在亚洲猪种与欧美猪种间存在显著差异,是亚洲猪种３个重要的遗传标记基因,根据Ｆ＾ａ基因频率在亚,欧,美,非猪种的变化规律分析了其基因流向特点,证明欧美猪的育种过程中利用了中国地方猪种的血缘,计算了所测猪种间的Ｎｅｉ     

野生菌核侧耳生物学特性及驯化栽培

菌核侧耳是一种珍稀药食同源真菌,具有极高的营养价值和药用价值。为了充分保护和利用该类野生真菌资源,本研究对采自海南黎母山自然保护区的一株野生侧耳属子实体进行了菌株分离纯化培养,通过内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)序列分析,并结合形态学特征,鉴定为菌核侧耳Pleurotus tuber-regium。以此菌为试验菌株,从碳源、氮源、pH和温度4个方面进行生物学特性研究,从中选出3个较优水平进行正交试验。结果表明,在试验范围内,该菌株菌丝生长的最佳碳源为蔗糖,氮源为蛋白胨,pH 7.0,温度35 ℃。驯化出菇试验中,二级种选用玉米粒,25 ℃黑暗培养;出菇栽培的基质为杂木屑52%、玉米芯25%、麦麸20%、石灰2%、石膏1%,50 d左右出现原基,加大空气湿度至85%-90%,在28 ℃以上培养5 d后子实体成熟。本试验成功对野生菌核侧耳进行了人工出菇栽培,为该菌进一步的研究和开发提供了参考。     

Allozyme variation in domesticated annual sunflower and its wild relatives

 The annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a morphologically and genetically variable species composed of wild, weedy, and domesticated forms that are used for ornament, oilseed, and edible seeds. In this study, we evaluated genetic variation in 146 germplasm accessions of wild and domesticated sunflowers using allozyme analysis. Results from this survey showed that wild sunflower exhibits geographically structured genetic variation, as samples from the Great Plains region of the central United States were genetically divergent from accessions from California and the southwestern United States. Sunflower populations from the Great Plains harbored greater allelic diversity than did wild sunflower from the western United States. Comparison of genetic variability in wild and domesticated sunflower by principal coordinate analysis showed these groups to be genetically divergent, in large part due to differences in the frequency of common alleles. Neighbor-Joining analyses of domesticated H. annuus, wild H. annuus and two closely related wild species (H. argophyllus T. & G. and H. petiolaris Nutt.) showed that domesticated sunflowers form a genetically coherent group and that wild sunflowers from the Great Plains may include the most likely progenitor of domesticated sunflowers. Received: 2 December 1996/Accepted: 4 April 1997     

Antibodies and coinfection drive variation in nematode burdens in wild mice

Coinfections with parasitic helminths and microparasites are highly common in nature and can lead to complex within-host interactions between parasite species which can cause negative health outcomes for humans, and domestic and wild animals. Many of these negative health effects worsen with increasing parasite burdens. However, even though many studies have identified several key factors that determine worm burdens across various host systems, less is known about how the immune response interacts with these factors and what the consequences are for the outcome of within-host parasite interactions. We investigated two interacting gastrointestinal parasites of wild wood mice, Heligmosomoides polygyrus (nematode) and Eimeria spp. (coccidia), in order to investigate how host demographic factors, coinfection and the host’s immune response affected parasite burdens and infection probability, and to determine what factors predict parasite-specific and total antibody levels. We found that antibody levels were the only factors that significantly influenced variation in both H. polygyrus burden and infection probability, and Eimeria spp. infection probability. Total faecal IgA was negatively associated with H. polygyrus burden and Eimeria spp. infection, whereas H. polygyrus-specific IgG1 was positively associated with H. polygyrus infection. We further found that the presence of Eimeria spp. had a negative effect on both faecal IgA and H. polygyrus-specific IgG1. Our results show that even in the context of natural demographic and immunological variation amongst individuals, we were able to decipher a role for the host humoral immune response in shaping the within-host interaction between H. polygyrus and Eimeria spp.     

基于微卫星标记的中国大陆地区野猪种群结构分析与亚种分化

对中国大陆地区分布的野猪亚种分类尚存在争议.本研究通过对野猪11个微卫星位点的变异分析,探讨了中国大陆地区野猪的遗传结构,以期对野猪亚种分类问题有所启迪.对野猪华北、华南和东北种群的分析表明,各种群基因库中都维持了较高的遗传变异水平.基于遗传距离构建的系统树分析发现,研究中所涉及的所有亚种在系统树中混杂,没有任何亚种在其中构成显著的支系.基于微卫星变异的FCA分析不能区分华南、华北、东北三个种群.基于Fst检验的遗传差异分析发现,长江两侧的华南、华北种群之间的遗传差异较小(Fst=0.014),表明长江两侧的野猪可能存在着较高水平的基因流,长江并非是一个有效的空间隔离;东北地区野猪和华北、华南地区野猪之间的遗传差异相对较大(Fst=0.040、0.042),东北野猪可以作为独立的亚种S.s.ussuricus.     

Inter- and intra-genetic variation of four wild populations of Prosopis using rapd-pcr fingerprints

The species of Prosopis (Leguminosae) are welladapted to grow in the arid regions of the world. In Mexico, nearly 70%of its territory accounts for arid lands and nine species of this genus arefound in the country which are currently utilized for multiple purposes. Giventhat a sustainable exploitation of this important natural resource is necessary,knowledge of the genetic variability of natural populations is required. Thegenetic variation among and within four wild populations of Prosopisglandulosa, P. juliflora, and two ofP. laevigata, located in the Mexican States of Chihuahua(1), Sinaloa (2), Guanajuato (3) and Hidalgo (4), respectively, was determinedusing random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs). There was a genetic variation of72.48% among these four populations, and within them the estimated geneticvariation was 27.52%. Between the populations of P.laevigata the genetic variation obtained was 7.15%, and within them92.85% (AMOVA, P < 0.001). Based on the assumption ofWright's island model, the genetic variation found among populations correspondsto a gene flow (N_em) of 0.09, while the gene flow detected betweenthe populations of P. laevigata was 3.2. A total of 27 RAPDphenotypes were identified in the four populations; among them, 11 correspondedto P. laevigata. The phylogenetic analyses showed that thethree species are differentiated in three clades and that probably P.juliflora was the origin of the other two species. The protogynoustrait of their flowers and the outcrossing are the main factors that may explainthe genetic variation observed in these populations.     

Chloroplast-DNA variation in cultivated and wild olive (Olea europaea L.)

Polymorphism in the lengths of restriction fragments of the whole cpDNA molecule was studied in cultivated olive and in oleaster (wild olive) over the whole Mediterranean Basin. Seventy two olive cultivars, 89 very old trees cultivated locally, and 101 oleasters were scored for ten endonucleases. Moreover, maternal inheritance of cpDNA in olive was shown by analysing the progeny of a controlled cross between two parents which differed in their cpDNA haplotypes. In the whole species, three site- and three length-mutations were observed, corresponding to five distinct chlorotypes. The same chlorotype (I) was predominant in both oleasters and cultivated olive trees, confirming that these are closely related maternally. Three other chlorotypes (II, III and IV) were observed exclusively in oleaster material and were restricted either to isolated forest populations or to a few individuals growing in mixture with olive trees possessing the majority chlorotype. An additional chlorotype (V) was characterised by three mutations located in distinct parts the cpDNA molecule but which were never observed to occur separately. This chlorotype, more widely distributed than the other three, in both cultivated and wild olive, and occurring even in distant populations, was observed exclusively in male-sterile trees showing the same specific pollen anomaly. However, in the present study, no evidence was provided for a direct relationship between the occurrence of the cpDNA mutations and male sterility. It is suggested that the large geographic distribution of chlorotype V may be related to the high fruit production usually observed on male-sterile trees. These may be very attractive for birds which are fond of olive fruit and spread the stones efficiently. Probably for the same reason, people preserved male-sterile oleasters for long periods and, in several places, used male-sterile cultivars over large areas. Received: 25 November 1998 / Accepted: 19 December 1998     

Genetic variation in domestic reindeer and wild caribou in Alaska

Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus ) were introduced into Alaska 100 years ago and have been maintained as semidomestic livestock. They have had contact with wild caribou ( R. t. granti ) herds, including deliberate crossbreeding and mixing in the wild. Reindeer have considerable potential as a domestic animal for meat or velvet antler production, and wild caribou are important to subsistence and sport hunters. Our objective was to quantify the genetic relationships of reindeer and caribou in Alaska. We identified allelic variation among five herds of wild caribou and three herds of reindeer with DNA sequencing and restriction enzymes for three loci: a DQA locus of the major histocompatibility complex ( Rata-DQA1 ), K-casein and the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA. These loci are of interest because of their potential influence on domestic animal performance and the fitness of wild populations. There is considerable genetic variation in reindeer and caribou for all three loci, including five, three and six alleles for DQA , K-casein and D-loop respectively. Most alleles occur in both reindeer and caribou, which may be the result of recent common ancestry or genetic introgression in either direction. However, allele frequencies differ considerably between reindeer and caribou, which suggests that gene flow has been limited.     

Genetic bases of isozyme variation for alkaline phosphatase and glucosephosphate isomerase in Solanum

Summary Genetic bases of isozyme phenotypes of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and glucosephosphate isomerase (GpI) from tuber extracts of potato species of the genus Solanum were investigated by starch gel electrophoresis. Data were obtained from reciprocal F₁ matings of S. tuberosum X ssp. andigena (Juz. & Buk.) Hawkes and ssp. tuberosum X (S. phureja X S. chacoense) and BC₁ matings where ssp. tuberosum was the recurrent parent. AKP and GPI are dimeric enzymes and the variation observed for each was found to be coded by single tetrasomic loci (Akp and Gpi) with three (A, A, A) and five (G, G, G, G, G) alleles, respectively. Although the G and G encoded homodimers have similar electrophoretic mobilities, the specific enzymatic activity of the G encoded homodimer is approximately 25% that of the G. The predictable genetic bases for these two enzymatic polymorphisms make them suitable for use as genetic markers in the potato. Chromosome mapping of the loci which encode these enzymes is now possible.Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 6663     

Genetic differences among wild oat lines in potassium uptake and growth in relation to potassium supply

Summary Short-term (10 min) K⁺ (⁸⁶Rb) influxes (ϕK _oc ⁺ ), rates of net K⁺ uptake (ϕK _net ⁺ ) and growth in relation to K⁺ supply were studied in genetically pure lines of wild oat. The wild oat lines employed in this study showed substantial differences in these trais. ϕK _oc ⁺ was higher in the AN lines (AN5 1, AN 474) than CS 40 and SH lines (SH 319, SH 430) in plants grown under both low and high K⁺ conditions. Kinetic constants V_max and K_m for ϕK _oc ⁺ , of selected lines and the rates of change of these constants with root K⁺ concentration ([K⁺]) showed that ϕK _oc ⁺ in AN 51 was consistently higher than in CS 40 and SH 319. ϕK _net ⁺ was also generally higher in AN 51. ϕK _net ⁺ (at different growth stages), unlike ϕK _oc ⁺ , failed to correlate with root [K⁺]; ϕK _net ⁺ values were low during the first two weeks despite lower root [K⁺]. CS 40 showed the highest utilization efficiency, produced the largest amount of biomass, absorbed most K⁺ and flowered earliest (by day 30). AN 51 had not produced flowers at day 42.     

国家基因库野生大豆（Glycine soja）资源最近十年考察与研究

总结了国家种质库最近10年野生大豆搜集进展和研究概况。我国野生大豆资源在1979-1982年间搜集并保存在国家基因库的为5939份;1996-2000年搜集了600份;2001-2010最近10年补充搜集了全国17个省(市、区)、318个县(市、旗)、930个乡镇(农场)。其中新搜集县市178个,共收集典型野生大豆资源1979份,野生大豆收集样品新增资源33.3%。     

东北亚地区野猪种群mtDNA遗传结构及系统地理发生

研究测定了中国东北、华北及四川西部72个野猪(Susscrofa)个体线粒体控制区全序列,并结合GenBank报道的日本野猪(S.s.leucomystax)、琉球野猪(S.s.riukiuanus)72个同源区序列,分析了东北亚地区野猪线粒体DNA的变异及系统地理格局。在东北亚地区野猪的线粒体控制区共发现42个变异位点,均为转换,共定义了34个单元型。单元型之间的系统发生分析表明,东北亚地区野猪来自同一祖先。东北亚地区野猪现生种群具有显著的种群遗传结构,其中日本野猪与分布于中国东北地区的东北野猪之间亲缘关系较近;而琉球野猪则与华北野猪间亲缘关系较近,与日本野猪和东北野猪间的关系相对较远。嵌套进化枝系统地理分析(Nestedcladephylogeographicalanalysis,NCPA)表明:东北亚地区野猪由同一祖先经过长距离的迁徙而形成现生各种群(或亚种);琉球野猪应起源于大陆野猪,其种群演化可能经历了片断化事件;华北野猪呈现南部种群遗传多样性高的特点,其种群内部曾经历了一次分布区由南向北的扩张     

Genetic variation within two linguistic Amerindian groups: relationship to geography and population size

Nine Carib and eight Tupi groups were studied for a minimum of eight common polymorphic systems and compared in terms of genetic distances using the methods of Nei and Edwards. Two levels of genetic information were distinguished, one with a maximum of 20 loci and another with a maximum of 12 loci considered. The dendrograms produced consistent, reproducible results, independent of the method used, when a minimum of ten polymorphic systems were included in the analysis. Irrespective of the number of systems or the method used, the Tupi showed two to three times higher average interpopulation genetic distances than the Carib groups, which may be due to their lower average population sizes, allowing for the action of genetic drift and/or founder effects, as these two sets of populations do not differ significantly in geographic range, years of contact with non-Indians, or degree of acculturation.     

Structured diversity using EST-PCR and EST-SSR markers in a set of wild blueberry clones and cultivars

Blueberries are perennial, vegetatively propagated out-crossing shrubs with great potential of health benefits. In tetraploid blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), genetic analyses have focused more on diversity, whereas genetic structure has been studied less extensively. This study investigated the genetic structure and diversity in 28 wild clones, six cultivars and two selections of lowbush, half-high and highbush blueberries. Summary statistics, structure estimation and clustering by neighbour-joining (NJ), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), using 10 expressed sequence tag-polymerase chain reaction (EST-PCR) and two EST-simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs, were performed to characterize and discriminate the genotypes. A total of 213 markers were detected. Wide genetic diversity was evident from high values of expected heterozygosities, Shannon's index and polymorphism information content, and from AMOVA. Structure analysis subdivided the lowbush blueberries into three distinct groups leaving the half-high and highbush blueberries into one cluster which was in agreement with the NJ clustering and PCoA. Twelve EST-primer pairs efficiently differentiated wild and cultivated blueberries, making this technology valuable for genome mapping and for long-term conservation of blueberry resources for the benefit of germplasm conservation and breeding purposes.     

Microsatellite analysis of variation among wild,domesticated,and genetically improved populations of blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala)

In the present study,the genetic diversity of one selected strain(Pujiang No.1),two domesticated populations(GA and HX)and four wild populations(LZ,YN,SS and JL)of blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala)was analyzed using 17microsatellite markers.The results showed that an average of 4.88-7.65 number of alleles(A);an average of 3.20-5.33 effective alleles(Ne);average observed heterozygosity(Ho)of 0.6985-0.9044;average expected heterozygosity(He)of 0.6501-0.7805;and the average polymorphism information content(PIC)at 0.5706-0.7226.Pairwise FST value between populations ranged from0.0307-0.1451,and Nei’s standard genetic distance between populations was 0.0938-0.4524.The expected heterozygosities in the domesticated populations(GA and HX)were significantly lower than those found in three wild populations(LZ,SS and JL),but no difference was detected when compared with the wild YN population.Likewise,no difference was found between the four wild populations or two domesticated populations.The expected heterozygosity in Pujiang No.1 was higher than the two domesticated populations and lower than the four wild populations.Regarding pairwise FST value between populations,permutation test P-values were significant between the GA,HX and PJ populations,but not between the four wild populations.These results showed that the expected heterozygosity in the selected strain of blunt snout bream,after seven generations of selective breeding,was lower than that of wild populations,but this strain retains higher levels of genetic diversity than domesticated populations.The genetic differences and differentiation amongst wild populations,domesticated populations and the genetically improved strain of blunt snout bream will provide important conservation criteria and guide the utilization of germplasm resources.     

Toxoplasma gondii in wild and domestic animals from New Caledonia

Samples (serum or meat juice) collected from 205 animals in New Caledonia in April 2009 were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii by ELISA using the multi-species ID Screen^® Toxoplasmosis Indirect kit (IDVET, Montpellier). Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 2% (1/49) of the pigs, in 3.3% (1/30) of the cattle, in 13.8% (4/29) of Rusa deers, in 16% (4/25) of the horses, in 32.8% (21/64) of the dogs, and in 50% (4/8) of cats. Statistically, no significant difference was observed between T. gondii seroprevalence and age or sex. No survey on the prevalence of T. gondii in animals has ever been conducted in New Caledonia and this is the first serological evidence of T. gondii in Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa). These results indicate an important circulation of T. gondii exists in the animal populations of New Caledonia. In view of humans being exposed, it is advisable to insist on sanitary education and on respect for good hygienic and food practice.     

Genetic diversity in wild wheats and goat grass

The genetic structure of 35 populations of wild relatives of cultivated wheats, all collected in Syria and Lebanon, was assessed using ten isozymes. The populations consisted of diploid goat grass, Aegilops speltoides, diploid wild wheats, Triticum monococcum spp. aegilopoides and T. urartu, and tetraploid wild wheat, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. The majority of the populations were polymorphic (P=0–70%) having low within-population mean genetic diversity (H_ep=0.05–0.10) and relatively high within-species genetic diversity (H_es=0.14–0.31). The linkage between loci did not seem to be one of the causes for the observed polymorphism. All four species showed significant inbreeding at both the population (0.31–0.64) and species (0.77–0.96) levels, and the extent of inbreeding did not correlate with mating systems. Despite their apparent common ecological and evolutionary history, between-population or between-species level genetic identity was low (I=0.43–0.86). Among the diploid species, populations of Ae. speltoides clustered distinctly from those overlapping clusters of T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides and T. urartu. The tetraploid species T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides had relatively less genetic diversity (H_es=0.14) and was highly homozygous (F=0.96). The results suggest that these wild progenitors of cultivated wheats have undergone extensive local differentiation and inbreeding. We discuss the implications of our results on the management of wild wheat and goat grass populations. Received: 12 September 1999 / Accepted: 10 November 1999