径向基/超限插值结构网格运动方法中的变形一致性问题

针对径向基函数插值和超限插值的结构网格运动方法(RBF_TFI)中变形一致性问题引起的空间网格棱线扭曲和网格单元交叉现象进行深入分析,并依据分析结果提出一种改进的RBF_TFI结构网格运动方`法.首先基于HIRENASD机翼模型计算网格绕y轴旋转30°的算例,从变形网格质量、棱线交叉点位移误差与空间棱线扭曲等方面分析了不同基点选择方案中变形一致性问题产生的原因;然后将与物面相连的空间棱线定义为边界棱线,并采用三次样条插值的方式更新边界棱线上网格点的坐标.使用HIRENASD算例对文中方法的效果进行了验证,结果表明,该方法能够消除变形一致性问题引起的棱线扭曲现象,有效地避免变形网格出现交叉和产生负体积单元.     

基于能量统一格式的多尺度有限元法

为分析简单晶体多尺度有限元计算的能量构成,利用能量最小原理得到在统一理论框架下多尺度有限元计算的统一格式,表明有限元计算可以在微观原子尺度下和在宏观连续介质尺度下进行多尺度有限元计算.基于简单晶体变形的特点说明过渡单元设计应遵守的原则,并指出理想过渡单元应该是类似于晶体结构的单元,对于较复杂的晶体,则应该利用空间群方法充分研究具有230种空间群的过渡单元的性质.引用EIDEL等的纳米压痕计算结果作为算例,表明在计算中无虚拟插值点,多级晶胞单元具有与原单胞相同的点群操作且位移场插值受晶体中原子间键长的约束.     

空间三次PH曲线的定弧长四元数插值

针对已知两端点处位矢和切矢的空间曲线定弧长插值问题,构造了C1连续的三次PH曲线。通过四元数运算描述空间曲线切矢的变化,将曲线分成两段进行插值。利用PH曲线可以精确计算弧长的优势,实现了给定曲线弧长,简单快速地插值出空间曲线,并且论证了所提曲线插值方法的控制方程解的存在性。最后,通过算例验证了该方法在实现空间曲线定弧长插值方面的有效性和实用性。     

交互式棱柱网格生成方法

针对流动数值模拟中边界层区域棱柱网格生成与修改困难的问题,提出一种基于物面边界约束的交互式棱柱网格生成方法.该方法交互生成物面边界点的空间推进面网格;将边界点空间推进面网格的每层网格点看成边界网格点运动得到,计算对应的边界网格点位移;利用径向基函数插值将边界网格点位移光滑传递给内部网格点,获得内部网格点的空间推进网格;建立所有网格点之间的连接关系,构造棱柱网格单元.基于V型槽、飞机机头等外形对文中方法进行测试,并对该方法存在的一些问题进行了讨论;利用该方法生成一个大展弦比翼身组合体模型的棱柱/四面体混合计算网格,并在PHENGLEI计算平台上进行了数值模拟,结果表明,该方法能够生成高质量的粘性棱柱网格.     

基于Hermite插值的网格拼接和融合-CIDE2013

网格模型的拼接和融合是3维形状编辑和造型中的一个重要方面。基于Hermite插值技术,提出了一种适用于具有一般边界点空间分布的三角网格模型之间无缝光滑拼接和融合方法。首先查找网格模型待拼接区域的边缘点集,并利用二次B样条曲线插值边缘点集分别得到边缘曲线;然后对边缘曲线进行Hermite插值得到拼接区域连续曲面;最后对拼接曲面分别进行三角网格化和Laplacian光顺平滑处理以实现网格模型的光滑拼接和融合。由于利用B样条曲线插值待拼接模型边界,本文方法适用于具有各种不同边界情形的网格模型拼接和融合,它不仅仅可以处理平面边界曲线情形也可以处理空间边界曲线情形。结合Hermite曲面插值拼接过渡区域,使得产生的拼接网格能光滑地衔接待拼接模型。实验结果表明,本文方法能够有效地实现三角网格模型的光滑拼接、模型修复和模型融合。     

基于空间网格表面距离的插值曲面

主要讨论基于空间网格表面距离的插值曲面.定义了一种空间网格表面距离,基于空间网格表 面距离,给出了两种定义在空间网格上的插值曲面：基于网格表面距离的径向基函数插值曲 面和基于网格表面距离的Kriging插值曲面,讨论了曲面的无穷阶光滑性,给出了一种计算网 格表面距离的折线跟踪算法.作为整体曲面,此类插值曲面与网格表面形状较为相符,比较适 合于局部插值与参数估计,如梯度、法方向的估计等计算.     

基于Hermite插值的网格拼接和融合

网格模型的拼接和融合是3维形状编辑和造型中的一个重要方面。基于Hermite插值技术,提出一种适用于具有一般边界点空间分布的三角网格模型之间无缝光滑拼接和融合方法。首先查找网格模型待拼接区域的边缘点集,并利用二次B样条曲线插值边缘点集分别得到边缘曲线;然后对边缘曲线进行Hermite插值得到拼接区域连续曲面;最后对拼接曲面分别进行三角网格化和Laplacian光顺平滑处理以实现网格模型的光滑拼接和融合。由于利用B样条曲线插值待拼接模型边界,本文方法适用于具有各种不同边界情形的网格模型拼接和融合,它不仅仅可以处理平面边界曲线情形也可以处理空间边界曲线情形。结合Hermite曲面插值拼接过渡区域,使得产生的拼接网格能光滑地衔接待拼接模型。实验结果表明,本文方法能够有效地实现三角网格模型的光滑拼接、模型修复和模型融合。     

含复杂插值曲面实体六面体网格优化方法

复杂插值曲面的几何形态由散乱数据点控制,优化含这类曲面实体的六面体网格难以保证边界一致.借鉴Balendran提出的直接法,建立正四边形结点的空间几何关系方程,并作为优化约束,以移动结点使每个六面体的各个侧面趋近于正四边形,实现网格优化.将原始采样点及其它控制插值曲面几何形态的数据转化为控制点约束,以保证边界一致性.结合优化约束与控制点约束,作为离散光滑插值(DSI)方程的约束项,实现网格优化与曲面插值的耦合.实例表明,该方法能够在保证复杂插值曲面边界一致性的前提下实现六面体网格优化.     

一个结构网格并行CFD程序的单机性能优化

从单机性能优化角度对一个高阶精度结构网格CFI)并行程序进行了优化。通过识别关键变量并对其进行 常量参数化优化,使编译器能够实现更高级别的针对性优化;根据程序数据结构特点及访问模式,设计了分级数据缓 存技术,使程序主要计算代码能够以更优的方式访问主要数据结构,提高了访存空间局部性;进行了各种循环变换,以 优化访存性能。在国家超算长沙中心“`Tianhe—lA',并行机上的测试结果表明,相对于采用Intel编译器最高优化级别 的版本,其对10。万网格点二维翼型算例,串行程序性能提高约22.2%-28.9%;对1. 12亿网格点三角翼算例,并行 程序性能提高约13.9%-20.2%。     

一种基于网格延展法的等值线生成算法

已有等值线生成算法研究存在算法复杂、不健壮,实现难度大,或与应用系统集成难度大,应用不灵活等问题,以雨量等值线生成算法为例,介绍一种基于网格延展法的等值线生成算法。基于网格延展法的等值线生成算法,通过网格延展法实现等值面的提取,并使用一种简单的方法实现等值线平滑计算,整体等值线生成算法简单、易于实现;基于规则网格进行空间插值计算,对研究区域数据点分布具有很强的适应性,算法表现出较好的健壮性;无须进行等值线边界裁剪计算,也无须考虑等值线追踪时出现的分叉、连通域等问题,可大大减少等值线生成的计算量,降低等值线算法的实现难度;同时计算过程多数是对二维数组的操作,可以使用多种计算机语言实现,具有较好的生产应用价值。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).