慢性高原心脏病患者血浆心钠素和肾素系统的变化及其作用

对１９例代偿期慢性高原心脏病（ＨＡＣＣ）患者、２９例长期移居高原健康成人（对照组）用放免法测定了血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＴⅡ）、醛固酮（ＡＬＤ）和心钠素（ＡＮＦ）含量，发现ＨＡＣＣ患者肾素系统（ＲＡＳ）被激活，ＰＲＡ、ＡＴⅡ和ＡＮＦ含量均明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），提示ＲＡＳ活性增强在ＨＡＣＣ的形成和发展中起重要作用，ＡＮＦ浓度增高则对其损害起缓解作用。     

血透患者血浆血管活性物质浓度变化及临床意义

本文观察４２例维持性稳定透析患者透析前后血浆ＥＴ１，ＡＮＰ，ＰＲＡ，ＡＴ－１Ⅰ，ＡＴ－Ⅱ和ＡＬＤ的浓度变化，透析后ＥＴ１和ＡＮＰ水平显著下降（Ｐ＜０．００５），ＡＴ－Ⅱ水平下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＣＲＦ患者血浆ＥＴ１，ＡＮＰ，ＰＲＡ，ＡＴ－Ⅰ，ＡＴ－Ⅱ浓度均高于正常对照组，血浆ＡＬＤ透析前后浓度与对照组无差异。结合文献讨论血浆ＥＴ１和ＡＮＰ浓度变化的原因。     

肺心病患者血浆心钠素和肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮系统的研究

采用放射免疫法对３２例肺心病急性发作期患者心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、肾素－血管紧张素－固酮系统（ＲＡＡＳ）进行研究，并与正常同龄组比较：发现急性发作期时ＡＮＰ、肾索与血管紧张素均显著高于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０１、Ｐ＜０．０５、Ｐ＜０．０１），醛固酮显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），并出现分离现象。提出ＡＮＰ增高与心肌牵张力有关，ＲＡＡＳ的变化与ＡＮＰ拮抗力相关，ＡＬＤ降低与低氧血症相关。     

二尖瓣球囊分离术前后血浆心钠素和肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮水平的变化

本文采用放射免疫分析法测定了２６例患者二尖瓣球囊分离术前后血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素ＩＩ（ＡＴＩＩ）和醛固酮（ＡＬＤ）水平的变化，并与血液动力学参数的变化作相关分析。结果发现：术前ＡＮＰ、ＰＲＡ和ＡＬＤ水平明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．００１），术后ＡＮＰ水平显著下降（Ｐ＜０．００１），但仍高于对照组（ｐ＜０．００１），而术后ＰＲＡ、ＡＬＤ以及术前后ＡＴＩＩ水平均无明显变化。ＡＮＰ水平与心率、平均右房压、平均左房压和平均二尖瓣跨瓣压差呈显著正相关，与心输出量和二尖瓣口面积呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．００１），与ＰＲＡ、ＡＴＩＩ和ＡＬＤ水平无显著相关关系（Ｐ＞０．１）。     

心脏结构、心内血流及心功能与循环心钠素、肾素一血管紧张素系统

超声心动图检测９例扩张型心肌病（ＤＣＭ）、４１例风湿性心脏病（ＲＨＤＬ２９例甲状腺机能亢进（甲亢）患者及２４例正常人的心脏结构、心内血流及心功能，并用放射免疫分析法检测血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）及血管紧张素ＩＩ（ＡｎｇＩＩ）水平，发现ＤＣＭ及ＲＨＤ组左房内径、左室舒张未径及容积、右房截面积均与ＡＮＰ呈正相关；随心衰加重，ＡＮＰ升高（Ｐ＜０．０１及０．００１）房颤患者转复为窦性心律后ＡＮＰ降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＤＣＭ及甲亢组左室短轴缩短率、射血分数及各瓣膜区流速与ＡＮＰ呈负相关；ＰＲＡ及ＡｎｇＩＩ则无明显变化。     

急性心肌梗塞后内皮素的变化及其内分泌作用

采用放射免疫法，对１８例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）后血浆平均内皮素（ＥＴ）、肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）、心钠素（ＡＮＰ）浓度变化进行动态观察，并以同期健康成人作对照。结果显示，ＡＭＩ后血浆平均ＥＴ值明显升高（Ｐ＜０．００１），２４小时内升高最显著（７４．２３ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１），２周后逐渐恢复正常。Ｋｉｌｌｉｐ分级Ⅰ～Ⅳ中ＥＴ值均有明显升高（３７．３８ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００２；４９．１ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１；５５．８５ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１；２０４ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＥＴ与ＰＲＡ、ＡⅡ、ＡＮＰ的变化具有相关性，相关系数（ｒ）分别为０．８６、０．８４、０．６７。说明ＡＭＩ后血浆ＥＴ浓度升高，其升高幅度与心功能状态有关，ＥＴ与其它内分泌激素的相关关系证实了ＥＴ的内分泌功能及心脑－内皮反馈机制在ＡＭＩ发病机理中起到了重要作用。     

冠状动脉狭窄时某些血管活性物质的变化

１３只麻醉开胸犬，分级缩窄冠状动脉左旋支，直到血流中断。临床分３组：对照组、冠心病（ＣＨＤ）组、急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）组。均测定血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、内源性洋地黄样物质（ＥＤＬＳ）、醛固酮（Ａｌｄｏ）、血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ），动物实验还增加左心功能检测。结果显示，实验性冠状动脉血流（ＣＢＦ）减少时心功能进行性减退；肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮系统（ＲＡＡＳ）激活；ＡＮＰ分泌增加；ＥＤＬＳ减少。ＡＭＩ患者早期ＲＡＡＳ激活，ＡＮＰ增加，ＥＤＬＳ无改变，恢复期ＡＮＰ降低而ＥＤＬＳ增加。探讨了血管活性物质变化和机制，以及ＡＭＩ时应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂及外源性ＡＮＰ的意义。     

肺心病患者血浆心钠素和肾素—血管紧张素—醛固醇系统的研究

采用放射免疫法对３２例肺心病急性发作期患者心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、肾素－血管紧张素－醛固醇系统（ＲＡＡＳ）进行研究，并与正常同龄组比较；发现急性发作期时ＡＮＰ，肾素与血管紧张素均显著高于正常组（Ｐ〈０．０１、Ｐ〈０．０５、Ｐ〈０．０１），醛固酮显著低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）〉并出现分离现象，提出ＡＮＰ增设与心肌牵张力有关，ＲＡＡＳ的变化与ＡＮＰ拮抗力相关，ＡＬＤ降低与低氧血症相关。     

缓释维拉帕米与比索洛尔治疗高血压效果的比较

按照随机双盲法将５０例原发性高血压病人分为２组（Ａ组缓释维拉帕米和Ｂ组比索洛尔），服安慰药２周后服治疗药。用药前后进行血压、心率、ＲＡＡ系统检查，结果显示：（１）两组血压、心率在治疗后均有明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）Ａ组平均收缩压及心率的下降弱于Ｂ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）Ｂ组治疗后肾素水平明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ａ组稍有升高（Ｐ＞０．０５），两组血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮无明显变化，提示两种缓释长效降压药均有明显降压作用，降压效果明显。     

硝苯地平和卡托普利对高血压患者血浆、唾液、尿液心钠素浓度的影响

目的探讨心钠素（ＡＮＰ）在高血压发病中的作用。方法５２例原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者，随机分组，应用硝苯地平或卡托普利治疗２周前后，测定血浆、唾液、尿液ＡＮＰ含量的变化，并与健康组对照。结果治疗前患者血浆、唾液、尿液中ＡＮＰ均高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。治疗２周后，高血压组ＳＢＰ、ＤＢＰ和血、唾液、尿液中ＡＮＰ较治疗前明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），而治疗组间比较差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５），且唾液和尿液中ＡＮＰ与血浆中浓度有同样变化趋势。结论硝苯地平和卡托普利可能是通过抑制ＡＮＰ的产生和释放的某个环节而发挥其降压效果的。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.