2001-2013年华北地区植被覆盖度与干旱条件的相关分析

基于MODIS-NDVI遥感数据以及地表气象数据,计算了2001-2013年华北地区的修正Palmer干旱指数（Palmer Drought Severity Index,PDSI）和植被覆盖度,总结出植被覆盖度以及PDSI的年际变化规律,从华北地区生态分区的角度分析了二者的相关关系。结果表明：① 华北平原的植被覆盖度呈南高北低、中部高四周低的分布特点,最低为内蒙古高原草原生态区的0.61,最高为淮阳丘陵地区的0.84;② 2001-2013年,华北平原整体植被覆盖度主要呈上升趋势,其中华北的北部、西部、南部山区及丘陵地带植被覆盖度主要呈上升趋势,而华北平原农业区以及京津唐城郊地带植被覆盖度呈下降趋势;③ 华北地区的东北部有变潮湿的趋势,南部则有变干旱的趋势,其他地区干旱条件变化不明显;④ 华北地区植被覆盖度与气候干旱程度的平均相关系数为0.20,73.37%的地区相关系数为正,正相关关系最为明显的地区为华北地区的西北部,而北京、天津、以及河北省与河南省一级、二级城市的城郊地区相关系数多为负值。⑤ 在华北大部分地区,夏季和秋季的气候干旱条件对植被覆盖度的影响最为明显。     

2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因（英文）

Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) dataset,we investigated the patterns of spatiotemporal variation in vegetation coverage and its associated driving forces in the Qinling-Daba(Qinba) Mountains in 2000–2014.The Sen and Mann–Kendall models and partial correlation analysis were used to analyze the data,followed by calculation of the Hurst index to analyze future trends in vegetation coverage.The results of the study showed that(1) NDVI of the study area exhibited a significant increase in 2000–2014(linear tendency,2.8%/10a).During this period,a stable increase was detected before 2010(linear tendency,4.32%/10a),followed by a sharp decline after 2010(linear tendency,–6.59%/10a).(2) Spatially,vegetation cover showed a "high in the middle and a low in the surroundings" pattern.High values of vegetation coverage were mainly found in the Qinba Mountains of Shaanxi Province.(3) The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area,being 81.32% and 18.68%,respectively,during the study period.Piecewise analysis revealed that 71.61% of the total study area showed a decreasing trend in vegetation coverage in 2010–2014.(4) Reverse characteristics of vegetation coverage change were stronger than the same characteristics on the Qinba Mountains.About 46.89% of the entire study area is predicted to decrease in the future,while 34.44% of the total area will follow a continuously increasing trend.(5) The change of vegetation coverage was mainly attributed to the deficit in precipitation.Moreover,vegetation coverage during La Nina years was higher than that during El Nino years.(6) Human activities can induce ambiguous effects on vegetation coverage: both positive effects(through implementation of ecological restoration projects) and negative effects(through urbanization) were observed.     

2001-2010 年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征

基于MODIS-NDVI 遥感数据反演了内蒙古地区2001-2010 年植被覆盖度的空间格局和变化规律, 并结合该地区同期降雨量和温度数据, 分别从不同空间和时间尺度上分析了森林生态区、草原生态区和荒漠生态区植被的年际变化和月际变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1) 内蒙古植被覆盖度在空间上呈现东高西低的分布特征, 自西向东的变化速率为0.2/10°N, 10 年间森林、草原和荒漠生态区的年均植被覆盖度分别为0.57、0.4 和0.16;(2) 2001-2010年, 内蒙古植被覆盖度总体上呈上升趋势, 研究区内植被覆盖度极显著增加和显著增加的面积分别占总面积的11.25%和29.13%, 二者之和大于植被覆盖度极显著减少和显著减少的面积比例之和, 后者分别为7.65%和26.61%;(3) 在年际水平上, 内蒙古植被生长总体上与降雨量的关系更加密切, 而在月际水平上, 降雨量和温度对植被生长的影响作用相当, 说明年内植被生长更依赖于水热组合的共同作用, 而与单一气候因子的相关性降低;(4) 森林生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与温度的相关性较强, 荒漠生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与降雨量相关性较强, 而草原生态区植被覆盖度在年际水平上主要受降雨影响, 在月际水平上与二者相关性相当;(5) 草原区月植被覆盖度对降雨量的响应存在时滞效应。     

2001-2010年甘肃省植被覆盖的时空变化

基于长时间序列MODIS影像数据,通过并行计算方法获得甘肃省2001-2010年NDVI序列,利用均值法、最大值合成法、线性回归、Moran’s I指数分析方法,研究甘肃省10年间植被覆盖程度的动态变化、NDVI空间格局以及各生态区NDVI变化趋势。结果表明：甘肃省植被分布差异明显,从南到北,植被覆盖逐渐减少,省内植被覆盖总体呈增长趋势,各生态区植被覆盖差异较大,少数生态区内植被退化,整个甘肃省以及各生态区域内都呈现NDVI聚集的空间格局。     

2001-2015年间我国陆地植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析

本文基于MODIS-NDVI遥感数据反演计算了我国陆地2001—2015年地表植被覆盖度的空间分布,讨论了植被覆盖度的时空变化规律,分析了影响植被覆盖度近十几年来动态变化的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明：我国陆地植被覆盖度从2001—2015年,植被覆盖度总体上呈增加趋势,其中淮河流域、华北平原地区、以及黄土高原地区增加趋势显著。根据植被覆盖度在时间序列上的变化特征,可将其变化类型分为持续增长型、先减小后增长等六种类型,其中农业种植区基本为一直增长型,而主要森林覆盖区,特别是西南地区的植被覆盖度在研究时段内表现出波动性的变化特征。降水是驱动华北平原北部,内蒙古,以及西北大部分区域植被覆盖度动态变化的重要因素,东北、青藏高原等地区植被覆盖度受温度的影响较大,而在中国东南沿海地区,光照条件是影响该区域植被覆盖度的主要因素。     

2000-2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度时空变化

以MODIS NDVI为数据源,应用像元二分模型对黄土高原地区近2000 2009年植被覆盖度时空变化进行分析,并从气候变化和人类活动两个方面对植被覆盖度变化的原因进行探讨.结果表明:2000-2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度整体呈增加趋势,年增速为0.6％(p＜0.01);在空间上,黄土高原地区植被覆盖度整体呈现由西北向东南逐渐增加的趋势,这与黄土高原地区的水热条件分布基本一致;植被覆盖度明显改善地区的面积为6 717.35km2,主要分布在陕西延安的北部以及榆林的东北部;一般改善地区面积为180 176.90 km2;一般恶化地区面积为27 236.37 km2;明显恶化地区面积为852.62 km2,主要分布在内蒙古河套平原、银川、西安以及太原等地区;气温、降水的增加以及“三北”防护林和陕北地区退耕还林(草)等工程的实施是该地区植被覆盖度增加的主要原因.     

2001-2015年中国植被覆盖人为影响的时空格局

基于MODIS-NDVI和气温、降水数据,使用基于变异系数的人为影响模型定量计算了2001-2015年中国植被覆盖人为影响,辅以趋势分析、Hurst指数等方法探讨了中国植被覆盖人为影响的时空变化特征及未来演变趋势。研究发现：① 2001-2015年,中国植被覆盖人为影响由南向北空间分异愈发明显,年均值为-0.0102,植被覆盖在人类活动影响下轻微减少,负影响面积占51.59%,略大于正影响面积。② 中国植被覆盖人为影响年际变化特征明显,整体呈负影响波动减少趋势,降速为0.5%/10a,其中正影响、负影响均呈增大趋势,正影响增速（0.3%/10a）远大于负影响（0.02%/10a）。③ 2001-2015年间,中国植被覆盖人为正影响重心向东北方向移动,负影响重心向西南方向移动,东北部植被覆盖在人为影响下不断改善,西南部人类活动对植被破坏程度不断增大。④ 中国植被覆盖人为影响主要呈负影响减少和正影响增大趋势,面积占比分别为28.14%和25.21%,生态环境趋于改善。⑤ Hurst指数分析表明,中国植被覆盖人为影响未来演变趋势的反向特征强于正向特征,主要呈人为负影响先减少后增大趋势,面积占比15.59%。     

1961-2013年青藏高原雪雨比变化（英文）

On the basis of two gridded datasets of daily precipitation and temperature with a spatial resolution of 0.5°×0.5°, and meteorological station data released by the National Meteorological Information Center(NMIC) during 1961–2013, the spatial and temporal variations of total amount of precipitation, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and snowfall/rainfall ratio(S/R) in the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are analyzed using Sen's slope, the Mann–Kendall mutation test, Inverse Distance Weighting(IDW) and the Morlet wavelet. Total amount of precipitation and amount of rainfall generally show statistically significant increasing trends of 0.6 mm·a~(–1) and 1.3 mm·a~(–1), respectively, while amount of snowfall and S/R have significant decreasing trends of –0.6 mm·a~(–1) and –0.5% a~(–1), respectively. In most regions, due to significant increasing trends in total amount of precipitation and amount of rainfall, and significant decreasing trends in amount of snowfall, S/R shows a decreasing trend in the TP. Abrupt changes in total amount of precipitation, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and S/R are detected for 2005, 2004, 1996 and 1998, respectively. Total amount of precipitation, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and S/R are concentrated in cycles of approximately 5 years, 10 years, 16 years and 20 years, respectively. The trend magnitudes for total amount of precipitation and amount of rainfall all show decreasing-to-increasing trends with elevation, while amount of snowfall and S/R show decreasing trends.     

蒙古中部地区植被覆盖衰退问题案例研究（英文）

本文选择蒙古中部地区的两个模型多边形对植被多样性进行调查研究。它们都位于干旱、半干旱少雨地区。基于Landsat TM影像,本文研究了多边形区域的NDVI随时间变化的多时相NDVI值制图,得到所选择的具备不同值NDVI区域的全尺度景观特征。这一特征在对耐旱环境组的植被分析中得到了证实。该过程中将近整个实验多边形区域的植被偏离得到了追踪。NDVI的时间分布分析呈现出数值的降低,这说明了在戈壁,稀疏植被存在耐旱趋势。在半干旱气候区域中偏离植被趋势与牧草地的重载负直接相关。     

中国东北地区自然植被水分利用效率对干旱的响应（英文）

Drought has become a problem that is universally faced by global terrestrial ecosystems. Northeast China is located in a region sensitive to global climate changes, and one of the main impacts of climate changes in Northeast China is manifested as drought in growing seasons. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution law of the water use efficiency(WUE) of the main natural vegetation(i.e., cold-temperate coniferous forests, temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests, warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests, and grasslands) in Northeast China based on public MODIS data products, including MCD12 Q1, MOD15 A2 H, MOD16 A2, and MOD17 A3 H, and meteorological data from 2002 to 2013. The influence of drought events on the WUE of different vegetation types and their response to drought events are also investigated. The study findings are as follows:(1) drought in Northeast China frequently occurs in the regions stretching from 114.55°E to 120.90°E, and the percentage of drought area among the forests is lower than that among the grasslands during these years;(2) the annual average WUE of the natural vegetation ranges from 0.82 to 1.08 C/kg~(-1) H_2O, and the WUE of forests(0.82 to 1.08 C/kg~(-1) H_2O) is universally higher than that of grasslands(0.84 to 0.99 C/kg~(-1) H_2O);(3) in 2008, the regions where the WUE in drought conditions is higher than that in normal water conditions account for 86.11% of the study area, and a significant linear positive correlation is found between the WUE in drought conditions and the WUE in normal water conditions, whereas the degree of drought does not influence the WUE of the natural vegetation in an obviously linear manner; and(4) the WUE for the cold-temperate coniferous forests and temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests with a high ET or low NPP is more likely to rise in drought conditions; the WUE for the grasslands with a low Evapotranspiration(ET), Net Primary Production(NPP), and Leaf Area Index(LAI) is more likely to rise in drought conditions; and the ET, NPP, and LAI have no significant influence on the WUE for the warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in drought conditions. This study contributes to improving the evaluation of the influence of drought on natural ecosystems.     

1961-2015年中国极端干旱时间演变特征（英文）

Understanding the past variations in extreme drought is especially beneficial to the improvement of drought resistance planning and drought risk management in China. Based on the monitoring data of meteorological stations from 1961 to 2015 and a meteorological drought index, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI), the spatio-temporal variations in extreme drought at inter-decadal, inter-annual and seasonal scales in China were analyzed. The results revealed that 12 months cumulative precipitation with 1/2 to 5/8 of average annual precipitation will trigger extreme drought. From the period 1961–1987 to the period 1988–2015, the mean annual frequency of extreme drought(FED) increased along a strip extending from southwest China(SWC) to the western part of northeast China(NEC). The increased FED showed the highest value in spring, followed by winter, autumn and summer. There was a continuous increase in the decadal-FED from the 1990 s to the 2010 s on the Tibetan Plateau(TP), the southeast China(SEC) and the SW. During the period 1961–2015, the number of continuous drought stations was almost the same among 4 to 6 months and among 10 to 12 months of continuous drought, respectively. It can be inferred that drought lasting 6 or 12 months may lead to more severe drought disasters due to longer duration. The range of the longest continuous drought occurred in the 21 st century had widely increased compared with that in the 1980 s and the 1990 s. Our findings may be helpful for water resources management and reducing the risk of drought disasters in China.     

青藏高原干旱度指数对气候因子变化的响应（英文）

在气候变化条件下,干旱如何发生改变仍然没有搞清楚。量化干旱与气候因子之间的关系是预测全球气候变化背景下未来干旱风险发生的关键。本文对2000?2011年青藏高原年干旱严重度指数(DSI)与气候因子的相关性进行了研究。空间平均DSI随降水量的增加及相对湿度降低而增加,随日照的增加而减少。DSI与气候因子的相关程度随植被类型的不同而不同。以高寒草甸为例,空间DSI平均值与日照百分率(SP)和日照时数(SH)的相关程度(P0.001)高于高寒草原(P0.05);在高山草原,空间DSI平均值与平均水汽压(Ea)和最低相对湿度(MIRH)的相关性不显著,但在高山草甸为极显著水平或显著水平以上(P0.05)。DSI的变化幅度随温度、降水和水汽压的增加而减小,随风速和日照的增加而增大。因此,要弄清干旱与气候变化的关系,需要进一步考虑青藏高原的生态系统类型及其局地气候。     

京津冀干旱时空演变规律分析（英文）

Spatio-temporal patterns of drought from 1961 to 2013 over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region of China were analyzed using the Palmer Drought Severity index(PDSI) based on 21 meteorological stations. Overall, changes in the mean-state of drought detected in recent decades were due to decreases in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The Empirical Orthogonal Functions(EOF) method was used to decompose drought into spatio-temporal patterns, and the first two EOF modes were analyzed. According to the first leading EOF mode(48.5%), the temporal variability(Principal Components, PC1) was highly positively correlated with annual series of PDSI(r=+0.99). The variance decomposition method was further applied to explain the inter-decadal temporal and spatial variations of drought relative to the total variation. We find that 90% of total variance was explained by time variance, and both total and time variance dramatically decreased from 1982 to 2013. The total variance was consistent with extreme climate events at the inter-decadal scale(r=0.71, p0.01). Comparing the influence of climate change on the annual drought in two different long-term periods characterized by dramatic global warming(P1: 1961–1989 and P2: 1990–2013), we find that temperature sensitivity in the P2 was three times more than that in the P1.     

新疆2001-2010年农业气候干旱脆弱性分析

选取新疆维吾尔自治区14个地（州）为研究对象,从农业气候干旱的敏感性和恢复力2个角度选取10个指标,对该区2001-2010年的农业气候干旱脆弱性进行评价。通过计算新疆各地（州）农业气候干旱脆弱度并绘制新疆农业气候干旱脆弱性区划图,分析该区农业气候干旱脆弱性的年际变化和地域分布特点及规律,初步探讨了其成因,提出缓解新疆农业气候干旱脆弱性的科学对策。结果表明：新疆各地区农业气候干旱脆弱度在时间尺度存在差异性变化,并存在显著地域性差异,总体呈现出 “东高西低,南高北低”的分布状况,主要原因不仅有地形、水文和气候等自然环境因素的差异,还包括经济产业结构、科学技术研究、灌溉设施、全民意识和政策管理等社会经济因素,可以通过采用先进技术和高效管理措施、根据气候采取种植结构格局和方式、合理开采高效利用水资源、增强全民生态保护意识等措施,缓解干旱影响、降低区域干旱脆弱性。     

2000-2020年渭河流域植被覆盖度及产水量时空变化

渭河流域是黄土高原最早实施生态治理工程的区域,研究其植被覆盖度和产水量的变化及相互关系,对于黄河流域以及黄土高原来说具有重要意义.基于InVEST产水模型和Landsat遥感影像分析了流域产水量和植被覆盖度的变化特征.结果表明:渭河流域2000-2020年植被覆盖度整体呈显著增加趋势,空间上渭河流域的NDVI从东南至西...     

基于Hurst指数的1982–2013年蒙古高原植被动态变化趋势及其影响因素分析（英文）

This study analyzed the spatial and temporal variations in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) on the Mongolian Plateau from 1982–2013 using Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMMS) NDVI3 g data and explored the effects of climate factors and human activities on vegetation. The results indicate that NDVI has slight upward trend in the Mongolian Plateau over the last 32 years. The area in which NDVI increased was much larger than that in which it decreased. Increased NDVI was primarily distributed in the southern part of the plateau, especially in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia. Improvement in the vegetative cover is predicted for a larger area compared to that in which degradation is predicted based on Hurst exponent analysis. The NDVI-indicated vegetation growth in the Mongolian Plateau is a combined result of climate variations and human activities. Specifically, the precipitation has been the dominant factor and the recent human effort in protecting the ecological environments has left readily detectable imprints in the NDVI data series.     

2003-2013年中国居民健康水平的区域差异（英文）

Health inequality is an increasing concern worldwide.Using the coefficient of variation,Theil index,exploratory spatial data analysis,and spatial panel econometric model,we examined the regional inequality,spatio-temporal dynamic patterns,and key factors in the health status of Chinese residents from 2003 to 2013.We found that China's residential health index(RHI) decreased from 0.404 to 0.295 in 2003–2013 at an annual rate of 2.698%.Spatially,resident health status,based on the RHI,has improved faster in the western region than in the eastern and central regions.Inequality in resident health status continued to increase between 2003 and 2013;inequality between regions decreased,but health status inequality expanded within regions.Furthermore,disparities in health status grew faster in western regions than in the eastern and central regions.The spatial distribution of resident health status formed a "T-shaped" pattern across China,decreasing from east to center then to the west with a symmetric decrease north and south.Using the change in Moran's I from 2003 to 2008 and 2013,we found that the distribution of resident health status across China has narrowed.All the hot spots and cold spots have decreased,but they are also stable.Resident health status formed a stable cold spot in the western regions,while the east coastal area formed a stable hot spot.Selected explanatory variables have significant direct impacts on resident health status in China:increasing per capita GDP,per capita spending on health,and urbanization,and improving environmental quality all lead to better resident health status.Finally,we highlight the need for additional research on regional inequality of resident health status across multiple time,spatial,and factor domains.     

农业干旱监测研究进展与展望（英文）

In this paper, we compared the concept of agricultural drought and its relationship with other types of droughts and reviewed the progress of research on agricultural drought monitoring indices on the basis of station data and remote sensing. Applicability and limitations of different drought monitoring indices were also compared. Meanwhile, development history and the latest progress in agricultural drought monitoring were evaluated through statistics and document comparison, suggesting a transformation in agricultural drought monitoring from traditional single meteorological monitoring indices to meteorology and remote sensing-integrated monitoring indices. Finally, an analysis of current challenges in agricultural drought monitoring revealed future research prospects for agricultural drought monitoring, such as investigating the mechanism underlying agricultural drought, identifying factors that influence agricultural drought, developing multi-spatiotemporal scales models for agricultural drought monitoring, coupling qualitative and quantitative agricultural drought evaluation models, and improving the application levels of remote sensing data in agricultural drought monitoring.     

哈萨克斯坦1982–2015年植被时空变化（英文）

归一化植被指数(NDVI)作为表征植被生长状况的关键性指标,能够有效的提供植被生长状况的信息。本研究基于1982–2015年哈萨克斯坦时间序列的GIMMS/NDVI数据,分析植被)生长的空间格局及变化趋势,研究结果表明:哈萨克斯坦自北向南分布着农田、草地、灌丛这三类主要的植被类型,呈明晰的地带性分布特征;植被指数由北到南逐渐降低,农田、草地和灌丛三类主要植被类型的NDVI均值水平依次为农田草地灌丛;1982–2015年间,NDVI呈现出先增长(1982–1992年)、再降低(1993–2007年)、然后又增长(2008–2015年)的变化趋势。NDVI显著下降的区域占土地总面积的24.0%,主要分布在西北部的农田与草地交错地带以及南部边缘的农田,草地退化面积占草地总面积的23.5%、农田退化面积占农田总面积的48.4%、灌丛退化面积占灌丛总面积的13.7%,植被改善的区域分布在中东部的农田以及农田与草地的交错带,显著提升的面积占土地总面积的11.8%。