细胞自噬在肿瘤中的作用

自噬为一种细胞的自我消耗过程,其具有潜在的抗肿瘤生物学活性,亦与肿瘤耐药有关。该文从自噬的调节机制入手,综述自噬参与肿瘤发生的机制,自噬在肿瘤治疗中的作用及应用,以期为自噬在临床上的应用提供依据。     

自噬与肿瘤关系的研究进展

自噬是细胞内以双层膜结构包裹并与溶酶体融合降解长寿命蛋白及细胞器的过程,是胞内物质更新和营养再利用的途径.自噬能力的改变与肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关,自噬及其调节的相关基因与癌基因、抑癌基因有许多交叉,而自噬调节性死亡又为肿瘤的治疗打开了一条新的思路.     

自噬与前列腺癌

自噬作用被认为具有高度复杂性及环境依赖性,在有些肿瘤中表现为肿瘤抑制和促进相对立两方面影响,比如乳腺癌和前列腺癌。本文综述了自噬对前列腺癌的发生、发展及治疗的最新研究进展。重点突出自噬调节在雄激素剥夺期间的影响,讨论了雄激素对前列腺癌细胞自噬作用所产生的调节效应。通过对一些研究的报道结果进行评价、分析,我们认为:自噬抑制并结合抗雄激素治疗对于前列腺癌是非常有前景的新型治疗方法。     

前列腺癌与自噬的研究进展

自噬与前列腺癌的关系是目前研究的热点.研究表明自噬在前列腺癌的发生发展和转移过程中起着重要的作用.前列腺癌细胞中有很多基因参与调控细胞自噬.本文从自噬在前列腺癌中的作用、前列腺癌中参与调控自噬的基因以及自噬抑制剂在前列腺癌中的应用等几方面进行简要综述.     

长链非编码RNA调控自噬以影响肿瘤耐药的研究进展

目的总结长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)调控自噬以影响肿瘤耐药的研究进展。方法查阅国内外相关文献,就LncRNA调控自噬以影响肿瘤耐药的最新研究进展进行综述。结果耐药是抗肿瘤治疗过程中普遍存在的问题,自噬作为重要的维持细胞稳态的机制,在肿瘤耐药过程中发挥了重要的作用。LncRNA的调控异常可促成肿瘤的发生和发展,也可以通过促进或者抑制自噬而介导肿瘤细胞对抗肿瘤药物产生耐药。结论 LncRNA可以正向或者负向介导肿瘤自噬,而自噬对于肿瘤耐药是一把"双刃剑"。LncRNA可能通过调控自噬来改善肿瘤对药物的耐药性。     

自噬及其在胃癌中的研究进展

目的总结自噬及其在胃癌中的研究进展。方法检索并筛选近年来国内外发表的有关自噬与胃癌关系的文献并分别对自噬的特点、分子标志、调控因素及其在胃癌中的意义和作用进行综述。结果自噬既可促进细胞的死亡,也可延长肿瘤形成中癌细胞的存活。调控自噬的药物(包括中药)在肿瘤治疗中具有广阔的应用前景,但基于自噬调控的抗肿瘤治疗效果仍取决于细胞内自噬的实际水平。结论目前对胃癌自噬现象的了解仍然知之甚少,阐明自噬现象的分子机理并通过合理调控自噬来杀伤癌细胞仍然需要更为深入的实验研究。     

细胞自噬与胰腺癌关系的研究进展

自噬是真核细胞对胞内受损的大分子蛋白质及细胞器进行自我降解的过程,被称作II型程序化细胞死亡。近来的研究发现细胞自噬在肿瘤的发生和发展中起着重要的作用,本文对细胞自噬与胰腺癌之间的关系作一概述。     

细胞自噬与肿瘤新辅助化疗关系的研究进展

新辅助化疗是近年来治疗中期肿瘤的一种常用辅助方法,对缩小肿瘤的体积和杀死已经部分转移的癌细胞具有显著的作用,能够为肿瘤的局部治疗提供良好的操作和根治基础。细胞自噬是细胞程序性死亡的方式之一,在维持细胞正常生命代谢活动中起到至关重要的作用。自噬作用在肿瘤细胞中依然存在,其对肿瘤细胞生长起到促进作用还是抑制作用目前仍然存在争议。新辅助化疗对肿瘤细胞的自噬水平产生影响,自噬相关蛋白表达差异可以评价其对新辅助化疗的敏感性和疗效,并有助于肿瘤新辅助化疗的适应证、药物选择。     

细胞自噬及其在肾脏疾病中的作用

自噬（autophagy）是保持细胞内物质合成与分解代谢平衡,维持细胞器更新的重要生物学过程.近十年来随着自噬相关基因和相关标志蛋白的发现以及检测手段的进步,自噬的研究不断取得新的突破.细胞自噬不仅在细胞分化、生长、发育、老化等生理过程中有重要作用,在应激和疾病中,如内质网（ER）应激、氧化应激和自由氧离子（ROS）产生、神经元退行性疾病、微生物感染、肿瘤、肾病中同样起了重要作用.     

自噬调节在结肠癌细胞化疗耐药性的作用机制研究

目的:探究自噬调节在结肠癌细胞化疗过程中耐药性的作用机制.方法:以顺铂诱导人结肠癌细胞系EC9706细胞自噬,观察自噬抑制剂3-MA对EC9706细胞的影响.CCK8法测定细胞生长情况.流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期.MDC检测自噬.Western blot法检测Beclin-1、PI3K Ⅲ、LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ...     

微血管密度与胃癌复发转移相关性研究

目的　探讨微血管密度（ ＭＶＤ） 与胃癌复发转移及预后的相关性。方法　４５ 例手术切除标本应用ＦⅧ相关抗原抗体免疫组化染色，观察癌灶、癌旁及正常组织中ＭＶＤ，分析其与复发转移及预后的关系。结果　ＭＶＤ 在癌组织为３８－１２ ±１２－８７ ，癌旁为２４－６７ ±１１－０９，正常组织为１３－１１ ±７－５６（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。复发转移组和无复发转移组的ＭＶＤ 分别为３８－３１ ±９－６７ 和２１－９８ ±１２－２３（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。两组在淋巴结转移、浸润深度、肿瘤分期三方面差异也有显著性（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。结论　微血管的生长与肿瘤的血行和淋巴结转移有关。除淋巴结转移、浸润深度、肿瘤分期具有预后意义外，胃癌组织中ＭＶＤ 也具有判断预后价值。     

肝细胞癌侵入胆管致梗阻性黄疸的诊断和鉴别诊断

我院自1987至1994年收治的肝细胞癌侵入胆管致梗阻性黄疽患者28例，占同期住院肝癌患者487例的5．7％，其中癌管型13冽，癌血栓型15例。根据手术和病理学发现，癌管型特点为胆管内赘生物与原发灶呈哑铃形相连，与胆管壁无粘连，胆管壁薄，原发灶多在肝中心，邻近较大胆管，癌管型切片见肝癌组织；场血栓型特点为胆管内癌血栓与原发灶不相连，胆管可呈节段狭窄梗阻，癌血栓与胆管壁粘附，壁增厚，原发灶多在外周肝叶，血栓组织内含肝癌细胞。     

Carcinoembryonic antigen in serum,urine and cells of patients with bladder carcinoma

Summary A raised level of CEA-like substance has been demonstrated by radioimmunoassay in the urine of patients with bladder carcinoma, in concentrations which increase with a more advanced stage, and in serum of patients with advanced disease. In a 2-year follow-up of patients receiving chemotherapy, a correlation of raised urinary CEA to local recurrence was seen, as well as rising and high serum values with metastases. In the patients who responded to treatment, CEA values became normal. CEA was also located in carcinoma cells from bladder washings in 24–61 % of the cases. Combined studies of CEA in serum, urine and cells may be used to study the biology of the tumor and perhaps also in the monitoring of patients with urothelial carcinoma.     

老年患者腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术近期疗效分析

目的 评价老年患者腹腔镜结直肠癌手术的住院时间与近期并发症.方法 检索 2000 年至 2013 年国内外临床中心公开发表的结直肠癌腹腔镜与开腹根治术近期并发症的非随机对照研究（ Non-randomized comparative studies,NRCs ）文献,提取相关指标后综合分析.结果 腹腔镜与开腹治疗的患者基本特征均衡.尿路感染发生率、吻合口瘘发生率与开腹组相比,差异无统计学意义（P = 0.79、P = 0.31 ）.切口感染、肺部感染、肠梗阻、心血管疾病及术后住院时间与开腹组根治术相比,差异存在统计学意义.腹腔镜组中术后近期总并发症发生率小于开腹组,差异存在统计学意义（ P ＜ 0.01 ）.结论 非随机对照研究资料研究显示,老年患者腹腔镜结直肠癌根治具有术后近期并发症发生率低、住院时间短的优势,可以考虑作为老年患者结直肠癌根治术的首选方法.     

Prostate carcinoma in liver transplant recipients: Think about it!

ObjectivesTo analyze retrospectively our series of prostate cancer (PC) in liver transplant recipients (LTRs) given an increase in frequency in an aging recipient population when no studies were reported in literature.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of LTRs in a single institution. After liver transplantation, all patients were followed up in our institution with an annual digital rectal examination by a urologist and prostate-specific antigen measurement after the age of 50 years.ResultsBetween 1995 and 2013, among 361 male LTRs, 12 (3.3%) had PC. The mean age at diagnosis was 62.8 years, and the time lapse between liver transplantation and diagnosis was 55.7 months. The median initial prostate-specific antigen level was 7.4 ng/ml. In total, 9 patients underwent radical prostatectomy. Histological findings showed 5 pT2 and 4 pT3 cancers. A patient showed invasion in the lymph nodes and was treated with hormonotherapy. Another patient had a biochemical recurrence at 10 months and underwent salvage radiotherapy. After 32.9 months of follow-up, no other patients showed any recurrence. Moreover, 1 patient was treated by radiohormonotherapy for high-risk PC with no recurrence at 65 months, and 1 patient was treated with high-intensity focal ultrasound. There was 1 patient with metastatic disease who received hormonotherapy and died 5 months after diagnosis.ConclusionOur incidence of intermediate- and high-risk PCs in LTRs was slightly higher than in the general population. In the absence of any recommendations, individual screening should be proposed to LTRs. The treatment of choice remains surgery or radiotherapy to ensure a good carcinologic control.     

Impact on survival by method of recurrence detection in stage I and II cutaneous melanoma

Background: The impact on survival by components of a surveillance program (physical examination, blood tests, and chest radiograph) used to detect recurrences in patients with cutaneous melanoma was assessed. Methods: Data were collected from medical records and tumor registry information on a historical cohort of 1004 patients who presented with AJCC Stage I or II cutaneous melanoma at Roswell Park Cancer Institute from 1971 through 1995. Results: Information on method of detection was available on 154 out of 174 identified first recurrences (89%). Physical examination detected 72% of recurrences, constitutional symptoms indicated 17% of recurrences, and chest radiograph revealed 11% of recurrences. Blood tests did not predict any recurrence. Only 9 of 17 patients with recurrences detected by chest radiograph alone underwent curative surgical resection. These patients had a statistically significant prolonged survival after diagnosis of recurrence compared to those surgical candidates who did not undergo resection. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between patients with asymptomatic pulmonary recurrences and those whose pulmonary recurrences were detected after symptoms of metastatic disease had developed. Conclusions: Most recurrences are detected on physical examination. Blood tests have no role in surveillance programs. Chest radiographs can detect pulmonary recurrences in a small number of asymptomatic patients at a stage when surgery may prolong survival.Presented at the 50th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Chicago, Illinois, March 20–23, 1997.     

Cancer incidence in a kidney-transplanted population

Abstract The cancer incidence in all Finnish kidney-transplant recipients up to 1991 was studied. In 2090 patients 94 cancers were diagnosed, with a calculated incidence of 14.2% at 15 years' follow-up. The standardised incidence rate (SIR) compared with the entire Finnish population was 2.7, and it remained stable throughout the follow-up period. The SIR for skin cancer was 20, for thyroid cancer 11, and for kidney cancer, non Hodgkin lymphomas, cancer of the colon, bladder and female genital organs, 7, 6, 5, 4 and 3 respectively.     

阑尾恶性肿瘤的诊断及治疗

本文报告９例阑尾恶性肿瘤，讨论其病理特点，指出依靠阑尾炎病史，腹部肿块，腹痛的临床表现，Ｘ线钒灌肠透视及腹部Ｂ超有助于诊断，手术是唯一的治疗方法，并指出根据不同的临床发型选用不同的手术方法。     

Cancer in pregnancy

Cancer during pregnancy is a rare situation which demands a multidisciplinary care involving the surgical oncologist, the medical oncologist, the obstetrician and a host of other care givers. The care of the patient is planned in a way to optimize the health care delivery to the mother without compromising on the care of the fetus. When this is not possible priorities need to be established and harsh decisions taken on an individual basis. The treatment of the cancer does not change from the standard outside the limits described above and the objective should be to stay as close to the standard of care treatment as possible.     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊断与治疗

目的 分析桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床特征、诊断、治疗及预后.方法 回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年1月经病理证实为桥本病合并甲状腺癌10例的临床资料.结果术后病理诊断桥本病合并乳头状癌8例,滤泡状癌2例.术后声音嘶哑1例,有不同程度的甲状腺功能减退9例,术后均常规行甲状腺素抑制/替代治疗.结论 桥本病合并甲状腺癌术前诊断困难,以手术治疗最有效,掌握其手术探查指征很重要并应按甲状腺癌根治性手术的原则施术,术后常规应用甲状腺索治疗.