克雷伯杆菌甘油脱氢酶的分离纯化及性质

在有氧条件下,利用Q Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析和Blue Sepharose CL 6B亲和层析提纯克雷伯杆菌胞内甘油脱氢酶.酶的纯化倍数和回收率分别为 32.61 倍和 5.83%.通过SDS PAGE电泳测得该酶亚基的相对分子质量约为 34 000.该酶最适表观反应温度和最适反应pH值分别为60 ℃和11.在30 ℃以下及pH值10~12时,该酶具有良好的稳定性.在45 ℃和pH值11条件下,该酶以甘油和NAD 为底物的米氏常数Km分别为 0.75 mmol/L和 0.12 mmol/L.甘油脱氢酶对甘油的生理反应活性最大,对其它醇类如 1,2 丙二醇、乙二醇也有氧化能力.NH4 和Na 对酶有显著激活作用.巯基保护剂可明显地提高酶的活力.     

克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌电击转化条件的优化

针对克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)TUAC01的电击转化方法进行了研究。主要考察了培养基EDTA的浓度、细胞的生长状态、感受态细胞的密度、电击电压、质粒浓度等参数对转化效率的影响,建立了一种适合K.pneumoniae TUAC01的电击转化方法。结果:K.pneumoniae TUAC01培养基中添加EDTA至终浓度0.7mmol/L;当细胞生长至OD600为0.7时收集菌体,制作感受态细胞;制作的感受态细胞浓度OD600大于30时,使用2mm的电转杯在2kV的电压下转化,转化效率达到最大值,达到8.58×105cfu/μg DNA。     

Molecular subtyping of mastitis-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates shows high levels of diversity within and between dairy herds

Despite advances in controlling mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland), udder infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae continue to affect dairy cattle. Mastitis caused by K. pneumoniae responds poorly to antibiotic treatment, and as a consequence, infections tend to be severe and long lasting. We sought to determine whether a nonrandom distribution of specific genotypes of K. pneumoniae was associated with mastitis from 6 dairy herds located in 4 different states. A total of 635 isolates were obtained and fingerprinted by repetitive DNA sequence PCR. Significant genetic diversity was observed in 4 of the 6 dairy herds analyzed, and a total of 49 genotypic variants were identified. Within a herd, Simpson's diversity indices were 91.0, 94.1, 91.7, 88.6, 53.3, and 64.3% for dairies A, B, C, D, E, and F, respectively. The association between matrices of genetic similarity and matrices of temporal distance was negative in all the dairies analyzed. Four dairies had a high incidence of K. pneumoniae mastitis during the winter. The majority of genotypes were unique to herds of origin, and only 5 genotypes were detected in more than 2 dairies. Genotype 1 (arbitrary designation) occurred most frequently across dairies and was found in 25.2% of all mastitis cases and among 22.8% of reinfected and culled cows in dairy A. Specific genotypes also tended to be associated with a specific bedding type and dairy location. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 18% of the genetic diversity was due to variation among herds within states, and 82% of the genetic diversity was accounted for by variation of genotypes within herds. The data support the idea that mastitis is caused by a diverse group of K. pneumoniae genotypes and thus has major implications for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of udder infections in dairy cows.     

Klebsiella pneumoniae as a spoilage organism in mozzarella cheese.

A high concentration of total and fecal coliforms (5 x 10(8) and 3 x 10(7) cfu/g, respectively) was observed in samples representative of two production lots of Mozzarella cheese from a local dairy. Contamination was manifested by the swelling of plastic pouches and the formation of gas holes in Mozzarella cheese. Aerobic and anaerobic sporeformers, heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, propionibacteria, and yeasts were absent. Of the 41 isolates identified, there were 37 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2 Klebsiella oxytoca, 1 Enterobacter aerogenes, and 1 Escherichia coli. Exposure at 63 degrees C for 15 min caused the death of all total and fecal coliforms.     

木糖发酵高产2,3-丁二醇菌株的选育

以肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)CICC10011为出发菌株,进行紫外诱变选育。通过2,3-丁二醇抗性和产酸能力对诱变菌株进行初筛,发酵后23,-丁二醇产量检测进行复筛,获得6株高产2,3-丁二醇的肺炎克雷伯氏菌,其中产量最高的一株诱变菌U3-17,与出发菌株相比,产量提高了21.5%。在摇瓶批式补料发酵中,诱变株U3-17的23,-丁二醇产量达49.3 g/L。     

Purification and characterization of phytase from Klebsiella pneumoniae 9-3B

Phytase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytate, was purified from Klebsiella pneumoniae 9-3B. The isolate was preferentially selected in a medium which contains phytate as a sole carbon and phosphate source. Phytic acid was utilized for growth and consequently stimulated phytase production. Phytase production was detected throughout growth and the highest phytase production was observed at the onset of stationary phase. The purification scheme including ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration resulted in a 240 and 2077 fold purification of the enzyme with 2% and 15% recovery of the total activity for liberation of inorganic phosphate and inositol, respectively. The purified phytase was a monomeric protein with an estimated molecular weight of 45kDa based on size exclusion chromatography and SDS-PAGE analyses. The phytase has an optimum pH of 4.0 and optimum temperature of 50°C. The phytase activity was slightly stimulated by Ca(2+) and EDTA and inhibited by Zn(2+) and Fe(2+). The phytase exhibited broad substrate specificity and the K(m) value for phytate was 0.04mM. The enzyme completely hydrolyzed myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (phytate) to myo-inositol and inorganic phosphate. The properties of the enzyme prove that it is a good candidate for the hydrolysis of phytate for industrial applications.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio, salmonella, and Aeromonas isolates from various uncooked seafoods in Thailand

Uncooked seafood samples were collected from open markets and supermarkets in Bangkok, Thailand, and were examined for the presence of Vibrio, Salmonella, and Aeromonas species from January to February 2008. From 120 samples, 272 bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical testing. Of all sea bass, shrimp, oyster, and blood cockle samples (30 of each) that were processed for culture, 114 (95%) samples had at least one detectable isolate of Vibrio, Salmonella, or Aeromonas, leaving only 6 (5%) samples free of them. All oyster sample (100%) had at least one pathogen, followed by sea bass (97%), blood cockles (97%), and shrimp (90%). Overall, 111 (92%) of all samples had detectable Vibrio spp., 32 (27%) had detectable Aeromonas spp., and 25 (21%) had detectable Salmonella enterica. There was no overall difference between positive samples collected from fresh markets versus supermarkets (relative risk, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.05). Resistance to ampicillin among isolated pathogens was relatively high (56%), while resistance to 12 other antibiotics, including azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, was relatively low (0, 0, and 3%, respectively). Study results indicate that uncooked seafood in Bangkok, Thailand, commonly harbors enteric pathogens and that consumption of uncooked seafood should be avoided to reduce foodborne illnesses.     

Klebsiella oxytoca XCH-1菌产胞外粗多糖发酵

从青岛海藻化工厂海带浸泡液中分离得到KlebsiellaoxytocaXCH 1菌,研究了KlebsiellaoxytocaXCH 1菌产胞外多糖的摇瓶发酵情况,探讨了培养基中碳源、氮源、起始碳源质量浓度、碳氮比、温度、初始pH值、种龄、接种量、装液量等因素对KlebsiellaoxytocaXCH 1菌产生胞外多糖的影响.结果表明,最适宜条件为:以甘露醇为碳源,硫酸铵为氮源,起始甘露醇质量浓度为3g/dL,碳氮质量比为150∶1,温度28℃,初始pH值7～8,种龄54h,接种体积分数8%,250mL摇瓶装液量为40mL,并保持良好的供氧条件.     

Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from farm environments and retail products in Oklahoma

Multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria were isolated from turkey, cattle, and chicken farms and retail meat products in Oklahoma. Among the isolated species, multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was prevalently isolated from most of the collected samples. Therefore, a total of 132 isolates of K. pneumoniae were characterized to understand their potential roles in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes in the food chains. Multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae was most frequently recovered from a turkey farm and ground turkey products among the tested samples. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamycin, and kanamycin. Class 1 integrons located in plasmids were identified as a common carrier of the aadA1 gene, encoding resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin. Production of beta-lactamase in the K. pneumoniae isolates played a major role in the resistance to beta-lactam agents. Most isolates (96%) possessed bla(SHV1). Five strains were able to express both SHV-11 (pI 6.2) and TEM-1 (pI 5.2) beta-lactamase. Transfer of these antibiotic-resistance genes to Escherichia coli was demonstrated by transconjugation. The bacterial genomic DNA restriction patterns by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that the same clones of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae remained in feathers, feed, feces, and drinking water in turkey environments, indicating the possible dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes in the ecosystem and cross-contamination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria during processing and distribution of products.     

肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌二羟丙酮激酶基因(dhaKL)克隆与表达

以肺炎克雷伯氏菌As1.1736的基因组为模板,通过PCR技术成功地扩增了dhaKL基因,并构建了pET-28a(+)/dhaKL表达载体。DNA序列分析的结果表明:dhaKL基因由2个开放阅读框架组成:ORF1全长为1017bp,编码356个氨基酸;ORF2全长633bp,编码210个氨基酸。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明:dhaKL基因获得了有效表达,上清液中的酶活性为15.6U/mL。     

Production of 2,3-butylene glycol from whey by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes

Production of 2,3-butylene glycol from whey with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes was studied. Sterilization of the whey was unnecessary. Acid whey required neutralization, but sweet whey did not. Butylene glycol production was most efficient at 33 degrees C for Klebsiella pneumoniae and at 37 degrees C for Enterobacter aerogenes. Aeration significantly improved yields. Klebsiella pneumoniae produced more butylene glycol than did Enterobacter aerogenes in unsupplemented whey. The addition of 50 mM sodium acetate to whey increased the production of butylene glycol and acetoin by Enterobacter aerogenes; it also increased the production of glycol by Klebsiella pneumoniae, but the increase in this case was offset by a decrease of production of acetoin. Maximal yields of the glycol plus acetoin in whey were obtained in 48 to 64 h, but Enterobacter aerogenes required about 160 h for complete utilization of the lactose. Highest yields were about .3 M butylene glycol plus acetoin, which corresponds to the production of about 10 kg of glycol from 380 liters of whey.     

Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Brazilian dairy herds

In this observational study, phenotypic and genotypic patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from intramammary infections, clinical mastitis, fresh feces, rectal swabs, animal hindlimbs, and bulk tank milk samples from Brazilian dairy herds were investigated. In addition, we identified specific genetic variants present among extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. We obtained 169 isolates of K. pneumoniae from 2009 to 2011 on 24 Brazilian dairy farms located in 4 Brazilian states. The AMR profile of all isolates was determined using disk-diffusion assays. The antimicrobial panel included drugs commonly used as mastitis treatment in Brazilian dairy herds (gentamicin, cephalosporins, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tetracycline) as well as antimicrobials of critical importance for human health (meropenem, ceftazidime, fluoroquinolones). The K. pneumoniae isolates resistant to tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, or chloramphenicol were screened for presence of drug-specific AMR genes [tet, qnr, aac(6')-Ib, floR, catA2, cm1A, dfr, sul] using PCR. In addition, we identified ESBL genes present among ESBL-producers by using whole genome sequencing. Genomes were assembled and annotated, and patterns of AMR genes were investigated. Resistance was commonly detected against tetracycline (22.5% of all isolates), streptomycin (20.7%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (9.5%). Antimicrobial resistance rates were higher in K. pneumoniae isolated from intramammary infections in comparison with isolates from feces (19.2 and 0% of multidrug resistance in intramammary and fecal isolates, respectively). In contrast, no difference in AMR rates was observed when contrasting hind limbs and isolates from intramammary infections. The genes tetA, sul2, and floR were the most frequently observed AMR genes in K. pneumoniae resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol, respectively. The tetA gene was present exclusively in isolates from milk. The genes bla_CTX-M8 and bla_SHV-108 were present in 3 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, including an isolate from bulk tank milk. The 3 isolates were of sequence type 281 and had similar mobile genetic elements and virulence genes. Our study reinforced the epidemiological importance and dissemination of bla_CTX-M-8 pST114 plasmid in food-producing animals in Brazil.     

Fecal shedding of Klebsiella pneumoniae by dairy cows

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Wood products are considered to be the main source of Klebsiella on dairy farms. Environmental hygiene and use of inorganic bedding materials such as sand are recommended to control Klebsiella mastitis. However, Klebsiella mastitis still occurs on well-managed dairy farms that use sand as bedding material. In a 5-mo study in a New York State dairy herd performed during the summer of 2005, all of 9 samples of unused sand bedding tested negative for Klebsiella, whereas 14 of 18 samples of used sand bedding contained Klebsiella at a median level of 10^4.6 cfu/g. We hypothesized that fecal shedding of Klebsiella by dairy cows contributes to the presence of Klebsiella in the environment. Using a cheap and simple method based on ampicillin-containing MacConkey agar for screening, and biochemical tests for confirmation of species identity, 595 fecal samples from healthy dairy cattle were screened for presence of Klebsiella. In a longitudinal study of 100 cows followed over 5 mo, more than 80% of fecal samples tested positive for K. pneumoniae. The average prevalence of K. pneumoniae-positive fecal samples was also above 80% in a cross-sectional study of 100 cows from 10 herds across New York and Massachusetts. Fecal shedding of K. pneumoniae by a large proportion of dairy cows may explain why Klebsiella mastitis occurs in herds that use inorganic bedding material or other bedding material that is free from Klebsiella upon introduction into the barn.     

肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌二羟丙酮激酶基因(dhaKL)

以肺炎克雷伯氏菌Asl.1736的基因组为模板,通过PCR技术成功地扩增了dhaKL基因,并构建了pET-28a(+)/dhaKL表达载体.DNA序列分析的结果表明:dhaKL基因由2个开放阅读框架组成:ORF1全长为1017bp,编码356个氨基酸;ORF2全长633bp,编码210个氨基酸.SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明:dhaKL基因获得了有效表达,上清液中的酶活性为15.6U/mL.     

Virulence profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from 2 large dairy farms in China

We recently reported on the diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from dairy herds in China. In our previous work, isolates from subclinical mastitis (SCM) had lower indices of diversity when compared with bacteria from other sources, possibly due to a contagious-like spread of udder adapted strains. Here we explored the virulence profile and capsular types of K. pneumoniae isolated from different sources on 2 dairy farms in China. Our overarching goal was to gain insights on the role of virulence genes toward the severity of mastitis caused by K. pneumoniae. A total of 1,484 samples were collected from clinical mastitis (CM; n = 355), SCM (n = 561), bulk tank milk (BTM; n = 130), and environmental and extramammary (EE) sites (n = 438). From those, 431 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained, including 129, 77, 66, and 159 isolates from CM, SCM, BTM, and EE samples, respectively. Polymerase chain reactions were used to determine the capsular types and to detect potential virulence genes in all isolates. No significant farm effects were observed when comparing the distribution of most virulence genes in K. pneumoniae isolated from each source. K57 was the most prevalent capsular type in K. pneumoniae from all sources, but with increased detection rate in isolates from CM. entB, kfu, fimH1, mrkD, and β-d-lacZ were frequently detected in K. pneumoniae from all sources. β-d-lacZ, entB, and ituA were more prevalent in isolates from CM, whereas kfu, allS, and nif were more frequently detected in isolates from SCM. ybtS, aerobactin, and rpmA had increased prevalence in K. pneumoniae from BTM when compared with bacteria from other sources. No association was detected between virulence genes and the severity of CM. K57 and the nif gene had the highest discriminatory power to classify isolates from CM and SCM, respectively. Based on our findings, it is likely that K57 is the dominant capsular type in K. pneumoniae causing CM in large Chinese dairy herds. Likewise, we demonstrated that β-d-lacZ is disseminated in K. pneumoniae isolated from large Chinese dairy farms, irrespectively of the source of bacteria. Our results also suggest a low contribution of the virulence profile of K. pneumoniae toward CM severity. Finally, the role of nif in increasing the adaptability to the udder and promoting a contagious-like spread of K. pneumoniae warrants further investigation.     

底物流加策略对发酵法生产1,3-丙二醇的影响

研究了以甘油为底物 ,由克雷伯氏菌 (Klebsiellapneumoniae)生产 1 ,3 丙二醇的流加发酵中底物的不同流加策略 (如甘油反馈连续流加、脉冲流加、恒速流加、甘油 碱耦合流加、改进的甘油 碱耦合流加 )对发酵的影响。研究表明 ,采用改进的甘油 碱耦合流加策略 ,即甘油 碱耦合流加同甘油恒速流加相结合的流加策略 ,能够有效地控制发酵体系中甘油浓度 ,当发酵进行至 5 0h时 ,1 ,3 丙二醇浓度可达 5 4g/L ,生产强度为 1 0 8g/(L·h) ,明显优于其他流加策略下 1 ,3 丙二醇的发酵结果。     

克雷伯杆菌利用生物柴油副产物甘油生产氢气和1,3-丙二醇的研究

以Klebsiella pneumoniaeDSM2026为出发菌株,通过紫外线诱变,选育得到能耐较高浓度生物柴油副产物甘油生产H2和1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)的菌株21株,命名为Kp1~Kp21。通过比较,Kp8菌株产量最高,1,3-PD和H2产量分别达到0.36 g/50 mL和0.99 mmol/50 mL,比出发菌株分别提高了3.5倍和4.2倍。对Kp8菌株发酵条件进行优化,得到最佳培养条件为pH 7.0,培养温度37℃,接种量10%(v/v),废甘油浓度为30 g/L。在该条件下H2产量为1.0 mmoL/50 mL,1,3-PD产量为7.5 g/L,甘油转化率为83.3%。     

Klebsiella pneumoniae甘油脱水酶α亚基基因的克隆与序列分析

甘油脱水酶是1,3 丙二醇发酵过程中的重要限速酶,具有很好的工业应用前景.其中α亚基为甘油脱水酶的主要组成部分,该基因的正确克隆与分析对甘油脱水酶的正确表达起重要作用.作者采用PCR技术,从肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌A.S.1.1736基因组中扩增得到了编码甘油脱水酶α亚基的gldA基因,并将其克隆至pMD18 T载体中.经核苷酸序列分析证实,gldA基因开放阅读框架由1668bp组成.经GenBank检索对照分析,gldA基因序列与国外文献报道的同源性达99.34%,表明所克隆的gldA基因即为克雷伯氏甘油脱水酶α亚基基因.     

Comparison of antibiotic resistance phenotypes in laboratory strains and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus,Salmonella Typhimurium,and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Food Science and Biotechnology - This study was designed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance phenotypes in wild-type Staphylococcus aureus (WT-SA), oxacillin-induced S. aureus (OI-SA),...     

Genetic diversity of mastitis-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae in dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to determine the level of genetic diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical mastitis cases and to define genotypes most commonly associated with the disease. Individual quarter milk samples were collected from a single privately owned dairy herd over a 2-yr period and submitted to the Laboratory for Udder Health, Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, for bacteriological culture. Eighty-four K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained and fingerprinted by repetitive DNA sequence PCR, 43 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and 29 by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Significant genetic diversity was observed among the isolates regardless of the fingerprinting method used. Simpson's diversity index was 93.5, 96.1, and 97.0% when analyzed by repetitive DNA sequence PCR (n = 84), pulse field gel electrophoresis (n = 43), and MLST (n = 29), respectively. In some cases more than 1 genotype was obtained from a single milk sample originating from an individual quarter. The majority of infections were observed during the winter and accounted for 69.0% of K. pneumoniae mastitis cases. There was a negative correlation between a matrix of fingerprints similarity and a matrix of temporal distances. The MLST results revealed 5 new and novel allelic types, which have not been previously reported in the MLST database. Three isolates shared MLST types with human clinical isolates, raising the possibility that some K. pneumoniae isolates, of bovine origin, may be capable of causing disease in humans. There were 21 genotypes present within the herd, and there was no evidence for nonrandom distribution of genotypes uniquely associated with mastitis. We have shown, using 3 distinct genotyping methods, that K. pneumoniae isolated from clinical mastitis within a single dairy herd is caused by a genetically diverse population and that multiple genotypes can be isolated from a mastitic quarter. The data suggest that mastitis can be caused by a variety of K. pneumoniae genotypes. Diverse genotypes may have different levels of invasiveness and virulence and may originate from various sources within the dairy.