俄罗斯电气类产品认证体系及适用模式

目前,俄罗斯国内有16个强制认证体系,包括俄罗斯国家标准认证(GOST R认证)体系、卫生防疫评估体系、防火安全认证体系、通信产品认证体系、工业安全和技术监管体系、建筑和设计认证体系、机械交通工具和拖车认证体系、动植物监管体系、生态监管体系、信息保护手段许可及认证体系等.     

Turing machine as an ecological model for task analysis

A new model for task analysis is presented based on the ecological approach initiated by cognitive work analysis (CWA). This model aims to improve the implementation of the theoretical principles involved in the ecological approach of a work system. More precisely, under current CWA, task analysis uses Rasmussen's ladder. However, this approach fails to highlight the contextual constraints on the task. This model is based on the Turing machine formalism and takes into account the variety of situations that can be experienced by an agent and especially degraded situations of work. Moreover, it can model the concept of affordance-specifying information. It is shown that this formalism can be applied to a prototypical task, such as opening a door.     

生态复合墙结构动力反应分析模型研究

独特构造及多种材料的使用与嵌套,使生态复合墙结构的动力特性计算异常复杂,故需提出其简化动力计算模型。结合课题组前期研究成果及相关理论,提出生态复合墙结构在弹性阶段简化的动力反应分析模型;建立每层复合墙体分布参数体系的运动偏微分方程,计算其振型和频率;把每层顶点位移作为上一层支座激励,利用振型叠加法对每层复合墙体进行有阻尼动力反应分析;对整体复合墙体进行动力反应分析,并与前期振动台试验结果进行对比分析。理论与试验结果表明：该简化模型计算求得的各层加速度时程反应值与试验值吻合较好,具有一定的计算精度与实用性,为生态复合墙结构在弹性阶段的动力反应分析提供了一种较为简化、实用的计算方法。     

Interpretation of ion-exchange chromatographic retention based on an electrical double-layer model

An ion-exchange chromatographic model based on the Stern-Gouy-Chapman electrical double-layer theory is presented. We assume several equilibria occurring at the surface of an ion-exchange resin, such as the ion-pair formation of counterions with an ion-exchange site, the adsorption of ions, and the ion-pair formation of an adsorbed ions with their counterions. These equilibria are affected by the potential at the planes (the surface and the Stern layer potential) where the reactions occur. In addition, the nonselective accumulation of ions in the diffuse layer is also taken into account. Based on the developed model and derived equations, the nature of log k'-log X (X is the concentration of an eluent ion) plots is investigated for various sets of parameters and is compared with that of possible experimental results. Three extreme cases can be distinguished: (1) ion-pair-controlled, (2) adsorption-controlled, and (3) accumulation in the diffuse layer-controlled retention. Though log k'-log X plots, when they are studied over wide eluent concentration ranges (more than 2 orders), do not necessarily show precise linearity especially in the presence of eluent adsorption and extremely high eluent ion-pair formation, the linear regression analyses give negative unit slopes (within 10% deviations) for monovalent solute-eluent combinations. Since the deviation from linearity relation is mostly found in very low k' ranges (e.g., k' < 1), it is possible only in very limited cases to confirm nonlinearity experimentally. This may have mistakenly led to the idea that selectivity coefficients can be regarded as constants and thus the log k'-log X plots should be linear with the slope equal to (charge ratios) × (-1) in ion-exchange chromatographic experiments. The efficiency of the developed model is verified by its ability to predict experimental results, e.g., nonlinear log k'-log X plots, changes in separation factors with varying ion-exchange affinity of an eluent ion, adsorption isotherms at different salt concentration, etc.     

An unmanned ecological monitoring system

An ecological monitoring system is described for prompt pollution detection. It monitors the pollution level and generates an alarm signal if the permissible value is exceeded. The system measures the meteorological parameters that govern radionuclide dispersal in the atmosphere. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 64–66, February, 1999.     

自旋注入对有机半导体极化子电导的影响

在有机半导体自旋电子器件中,自旋从铁磁极注入到有机半导体后,自旋相上的极化子和自旋向下的极化子有不同的态密度,从而产生不同的电导.利用自旋漂移一扩散方程通过自洽计算得到了铁磁/有机半导体自旋注入结构中极化子自旋相关的电导和电流的自旋极化率.计算结果表明,极化子电导的自旋相关性是自旋注入引起的,和电流的自旋极化率密切相关;在自旋注入发生后,有机半导体内不同位置上极化子自旋态密度不同,由此产生的极化子电导也不相同,极化予电导是位置的函数.另外还发现,外电场会增强有机半导体电流的自旋极化率.     

A stochastic model of an unreliable kanban production system

We analyze a stochastic model of a production line withk stations (machines) in series. There are finitecapacity buffers between the machines and at the end of the line. The movement of the workpieces through the line is demand-driven, i.e. we deal with a pull (kanban) production system. Processing times are assumed to be deterministic and constant. There are two sources of randomness in the model: Demand for workpieces from outside is stochastic, and the machines may break down (and then be repaired) with a given probability. A demand from outside is lost if the final buffer is empty. This system is described by a discrete-time Markov chain. The steadystate distribution is given for k=1. This is the basis of a decomposition algorithm which approximates the throughput of the line and the percentage of satisfied demand for arbitraryk. A comparison with simulation results shows that this algorithm is very accurate.     

Model-based approach to study the impact of biofuels on the sustainability of an ecological system

The importance and complexity of sustainability have been well recognized and a formal study of sustainability based on system theory approaches is imperative as many of the relationships between various components of the ecosystem could be nonlinear, intertwined and non-intuitive. A mathematical model capable of yielding qualitative inferences can serve as an important tool for policy makers as it can be simulated under various important scenarios and also help in evaluating different strategies and technologies. In this article, we consider a simplified ecological food web which comprises a macro-economic system, an industrial production sector, an energy generation sector, and elements of a human society along with a rudimentary legal system. The energy sector is designed to supply energy to the other components of the ecosystem either by using a finite, non-renewable energy source or by a combination of non-renewable source and biomass. Many of the components of the ecosystem depend directly or indirectly on the biomass used for energy production. Subsequently, this model is used to study the impact of using biomass for the production of energy on the sustainability of other components of ecosystem. We have also simulated the model under two commonly foreseen scenarios of population explosion and consumption increase to understand the effect of using biomass for the production of energy on the sustainability of the various components of the system.     

A simple model for a numerical determination of electrical characteristics of a pillar foundation grounding system

Unknown leakage current distributions from vertical wire ground electrodes which form an armature of a pillar foundation grounding system are determined in this paper. Electrode system is fed by a very low-frequency current. The leakage currents are determined by a numerical solving of a scalar potential integral equation (SPIE) system. It is realized using the moment method, which actually presents the indirect boundary element method. For longitudinal current along the wire conductor's axes, a polynomial approximation of the first order is used. Then, grounding impedance and electric scalar potential (ESP) distribution on the ground surface in the surrounding of the grounding system are determined. In order to do that, the foundation grounding system is assumed as a homogeneous semi-conducting semi-spherical domain with equally located vertical wire electrodes, treating the surrounding ground as a lossy half-space. In order to form the SPIE system, new approximate expressions for the Green functions of ESP are proposed.     

Charge density waves in an electron-two level system model

The Hubbard model with additional two level systems (TLS) which couple locally to the electronic density is investigated by a Hartree-Fock approximation (HFA) and Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations of 2 d lattices and in the limit d = . While the HFA provides a phase transition of first or second order (depending on the model parameters) to a charge density wave state, QMC simulations give evidence for an Ising-type phase transition at a much lower temperature. The results for d = 2and the d = are in good agreement.     

舰船管系绝缘密封垫片电绝缘性能研究

研究了用于舰船管系异种金属绝缘的石棉橡胶纤维垫片和环氧垫片在海水、碱溶液(10%Na OH溶液)、酸溶液(10%H2SO4溶液)和重油中浸泡后,其体电阻率和面电阻率随浸泡时间的变化规律。实验结果显示,石棉橡胶纤维垫片在酸、碱溶液中浸泡两个月后,其湿态电阻降低到102欧姆(或欧姆·厘米)量级,在海水中的电绝缘有效期约为4个月,环氧垫片的湿态电阻可保持为104~6欧姆(或欧姆·厘米)量级,环氧材料组成的垫片其绝缘性能远好于石棉橡胶纤维垫片的绝缘性能。     

可电调谐超材料研究

超材料的谐振特性与其周期单元特性相关,周期单元的某一或是某几个参数的改变可以实现对超材料反射特性的调谐。利用有源集总元件的可变电阻特性,结合超材料设计,通过仿真优化和实验制备得到可电调谐超材料;分析对比了两种不同的布线方式所带来的不同的反射率特性和可调谐特性;并采用等效电路法对主动FSS层的阻抗特性进行了分析。     

Extensive electrical model of large area silicon photomultipliers

In this paper the full electrical model of silicon photomultipliers fabricated at STMicroelectronics Catania R&D clean room facilities is presented. An accurate investigation on both SiPM single microcell and entire SiPM structure to extrapolate all the electrical elements has been executed by means of dedicated characterizations carried out on appropriate layout structure. The electrical simulations results are compared to the experimental data showing a good fit and therefore verifying the accuracy of the proposed model. This model can be used to describe all the SiPMs with different sizes manufactured using the same technology. Moreover, starting from this extensive electrical model, custom application software was developed in order to predict the possibility to profitably use the SiPM technology for different applications.     

The electrical model of polycrystalline CdSe Thin films

Studies of the electrical properties of polycrystalline CdSe thin films evaporated onto ruby substrates show that the mobility of charge carriers depends on the longitudinal electric field in some ranges of the field intensity. A structural model of a polycrystalline thin film has been developed by other authors. A diode model for the boundary regions has also been used.By analogy with other work we decided to construct an electrical model of the CdSe films that were studied. The proposed model contains two kinds of elements—diodes and resistors. This model was analysed numerically to verify its static electrical characteristics. The qualitative resemblance of the I-U, U_b-U and U_m-U characteristics of the model and the real sample (where U_b is the total voltage drop on all grain boundary regions and U_m the total voltage drop on all microcrystallites) is shown. It seems that after development the proposed electrical model can be used with advantage in the analysis of the electrical properties of semiconductor polycrystalline thin films.     

Study of optical and electrical assessments of the quaternary MgZnSnO system containing different Mg content

Magnesium zinc tin oxide (MZTO) quaternary systems were prepared using solution-processed method. Assessment of the Mg dopant content of the MZTO quaternary system was done to obtain a better performance of the films in the device applications. The combination of silicon and MZTO system exhibited rectifying behavior. It has been observed that the current in the reverse direction is increased by illumination of 30 mW/cm². The capacitance-time characteristics were measured by transient photocapacitance spectroscopy. The composition of MZTO was studied by absorbance, transmittance and reflectance measurements. It has been seen that the band gap (~4.07 eV) of MZTO films remains almost constant with regard to the increasing Mg dopant content while the thin film of ZTO ternary system without Mg has band gap of 3.9 eV.     

Graphical model of an elastic medium in a cartesian coordinate system

A discrete model of a deformable elastic body in the form of an oriented graph is examined. The graph can be used as a nontraditional means of deriving resolvent equations, involving the transformation of systems of generalized coordinates describing elements of the sectioned body to a coordinate system that describes the body as a whole. It is shown that graphing (vertex and loop) laws can be interpreted as equilibrium and strain compatibility conditions that in the limit become the corresponding differential equations. With the use of a unit cell having eight degrees of freedom, the strain field is approximated by linear polynomials (which corresponds to approximation of the displacement fields by quadratic polynomials). The standard finite-element method requires 16 degrees of freedom (elements with eight nodes) for the same purpose. The proposed graphical approach thus reduces the number of equations that describe the model and the time and amount of memory needed to obtain a solution.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 12, pp. 60–70, December, 1993.     

基于TRIZ中需求进化定律的一类原始创新过程研究

需求进化定律是发明问题解决理论（TRIZ）体系中的最新研究成果,在分析这些定律的基础上,提出未来需求预测原理,定义了困难功能元的概念及效应综合方法,形成了从需求预测到困难功能元效应综合实现的一类原始创新过程模型。     

光电跟踪系统内模控制器的设计

针对光电跟踪系统,提出一种基于内模控制原理的新型位置控制器设计方法。内模控制是一种基于对象数学模型进行控制器设计的新型控制策略,其设计思路是将对象模型与实际对象相并联,控制器逼近模型的动态逆。该控制器设计方法简单,只有一个可调参数,而且可调参数直接与系统的动态特性和鲁棒性相关,与常规 PID 控制器相比,参数调整更加方便。由实验数据统计分析得出,系统的方位跟踪误差和高低跟踪误差的均方根分别为 0.4mrad 和 0.3mrad,表明该控制器能够提高系统的跟踪精度,从而为高性能光电跟踪系统提供了一种新的控制方法。