长白山天池全新世以来的火山喷发与灾害风险初探

概述了长白山天池火山全新世以来的喷发及其构造活动,其中喷发物以玄武质、碱流质为主,规模大。文中着重探讨了天池火山的风险性和未来的火山灾害。可为制定火山灾害对策提供科学依据。     

长白山天池火山气体对环境的影响及潜在火山灾害研究

长白山天池火山位于中国和朝鲜两国边境线上, 借助国际合作, 对分布于中朝两国境内的天池火山喷发物进行了较系统的野外考查, 选择层序完整的火山喷发物剖面, 对天池火山进行整体研究. 在此基础上, 系统测定了天池火山历史时期大喷发从早期到晚期喷出的气体成分和含量, 进而探讨了该火山气体对环境的影响及其造成的火山灾害, 并利用天池火山气体成分和含量开展了该火山未来喷发危险性及其潜在火山灾害预测研究, 这一方法对进一步开展我国大陆活火山的喷发预测及其火山灾害防御研究具有重要意义.     

长白山天池火山喷发的气候效应

约发生于１０００年前的长白山天池火山喷发对全球气候产生过非常显著的影响，本文用一二维能量平衡模式模拟了天地火山的那次喷发对全球气候的影响。结果表明：天池火山喷发形成的平流层气溶胶可维持３年长的时间，并对到达地表的太阳辐射有非常明显的削弱。引起的北半球平均最大降温可达０．８５℃。天池火山大喷发对全球气候影响的时间超过６年。     

腾冲全新世未来火山喷发灾害损失预测初探

介绍腾冲全新世火山喷发灾害损失静态预测的方法、喷发灾害等级、预测范围划分、各类地面财富、火山喷发、经济损失及人员伤亡预测。地面财富包括房屋建筑、工矿企业、水库、电站、公路、桥梁、森林等 ,给出了预测结果     

五大连池火山带的火山喷发方式及灾害类型

沿科洛—五大连池—二克山NNW向分布的五大连池火山带上分布了约40座第四纪单成因火山。通过野外地质特征结合火山岩年代学数据分析表明,研究区火山活动分为2期:上新世—早更新世期火山活动主要分布在北部的科洛火山区,以熔岩溢流式喷发为主;中更新世—全新世期火山活动分布在整个火山带,爆破式喷发形成大量火山碎屑锥,溢流式喷发产生结壳熔岩、渣状熔岩与块状熔岩,形成广泛分布的熔岩流。野外调查发现了夏威夷型、斯通博利型与强斯通博利型等岩浆爆破式火山喷发的典型堆积剖面,首次发现并报道研究区射汽岩浆型火山喷发堆积剖面。结合火山活动历史与火山地质特征,分析认为五大连池火山带的火山系统仍有再次活动的潜力。基于火山时空分布与喷发特征,文中对五大连池火山带未来可能喷发的方式和危险区进行评估。如若发生强斯通博利型喷发,将形成高度10km的喷发柱,产生的火山灰一般不会对航空运输产生影响;斯通博利型喷发产生的火山碎屑最远可抛射约1km;夏威夷型喷发及溢流式喷发产生的熔岩流是主要的灾害源,计算得出结壳熔岩运移的距离为3. 0～13. 5km,渣状熔岩运移的距离为2. 9～14. 9km;射汽岩浆型喷发产生的基浪速度可达200～400m/s,运移距离≤10km,是潜在的重要灾害类型,应该引起更多重视,并积极进行防范。     

汤加火山2022年喷发回顾——对国内火山监测研究的启示

2022年1月15日汤加一座海底火山发生了猛烈的爆炸式喷发,喷出大量火山灰、气体与水蒸气,并进入平流层,形成巨大火山灰云团,引起国内外广泛关注.本文对汤加火山的地质构造背景、喷发历史、喷发过程、灾害影响、喷发机理等方面进行综合分析,详述此次汤加火山喷发的过程及灾害影响,由此引申到当前国内活火山的活动状态.长白山天池火山...     

火山灾害及减灾措施

火山能产生多种灾害,火山喷发能够产生破坏性的岩浆流、火山碎屑和气体的高速崩塌流;大量的火山灰云可漂浮至几百千米远,严重影响喷气式飞机的飞行,危害人体健康并造成财产损失。     

长白山天池火山千年大喷发火山碎屑流相模式及灾害区划研究

长白山天池火山千年大喷发火山碎屑流分布范围广泛,是国内火山碎屑流领域重要的研究对象。前人研究表明：（1）长白山天池火山千年大喷发火山碎屑流搬运堆积机制复杂,且火山碎屑流近源、中源部分一般分布在人迹罕至尚未开发的地方,火山碎屑流相模式尚未系统建立;（2）火山碎屑流是长白山地区主要灾害类型,尚未有专题的灾害区划图;（3）早期粒度分析主要采用人工法测试,精度低,误差大,大量微米级碎屑的动力学信息流失。     

五大连池火山新史料及对火山喷发过程的讨论

本文叙述了新发现的有关五大连池老黑山,火烧山两座近代火山喷发过程的清化清文料档案的主要内容。在此基础上讨论了火山发过程及有关问题,同时评议了这些史料的学术价值．     

THE VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES AND HAZARD PREDICTION OF WUDALIANCHI VOLCANIC BELT

More than 40 late Cenozoic monogenetic volcanoes formed a volcanic belt striking NNW from Keluo, through Wudalianchi to Erkeshan in NE China. These volcanoes belong to a unified volcano system, namely Wudalianchi volcanic belt(WVB for short). Based on the volcanic evolution history and the nature of monogenetic volcanic system, we estimate that the volcanic system of WVB is still active and has the potential to erupt again. Hence, this paper studied the temporal-spatial distribution and volcanic eruption types to evaluate the possible eruption hazard types and areas of influence in the future. Volcanic field characteristics and K-Ar radiometric data suggest two episodes of volcanism in the WVB, the Pliocene to early Pleistocene volcanism(4.59~1.00MaBP)and the middle Pleistocene to Holocene volcanism(0.79Ma to now). The early episode volcanoes are distributed only in the north of WVB(mainly in Keluo volcanic field), featured by effusive eruption, and mainly formed monogenetic shield, whose base diameter is large and slope is gentle. However, the late episode eruptions occurred over the entire WVB. The explosive eruption in this stage formed numerous relatively intact scoria cones of explosive origin. Meanwhile the effusive eruption formed widely distributed lava flows. Both effusive eruption and explosive eruption are common in WVB. The effusive eruption formed monogenetic shields and lava flows. The resulting pahoehoe lava, aa lava and block lava appeared in WVB. There are three end-member types of explosive eruption driven by magmatic volatile. Violent Strombolian eruption has the highest degree of fragmentation and mass flux, characterized by eruption column. Strombolian eruption has the high degree of fragmentation, but low mass flux, featured by pulse eruption. Hawaiian eruption has low degree of fragmentation, but high in mass flux, generating large scoria cones. In addition, this paper for the first time found phreatomagmatic eruption in WVB, which formed tuff cone. Transitional eruptions are also common in WVB, which have certain characteristics among the end-member eruption types. Besides, certain volcanoes displayed multiple explosive eruption types during the whole eruption span. According to the volcanic temporal-spatial distribution and eruption characteristics in WVB, the potential volcanic hazards in future are constrained. It appears that the violent Strombolian and Strombolian eruption will not have significant impact on aviation safety in the vertical direction. In the radial direction, the ejected volcanic bomb can reach as far as 1km from the vents and the fallout tephra may disperse downwind over a distance ranging from 1~10km. The major hazard of Hawaiian eruption and effusive eruption comes from lava flow, and its migration distance may reach 3.0~13.5km for pahoehoe lava and 2.9~14.9km for aa lava. The base surge in phreatomagmatic eruption can reach a velocity of 200~400m/s, and the migration distance is around 10km. This is a big threat that people should pay more attention to and take precautions in advance. Besides, it is necessary to strengthen the real-time observation of the volcanoes in the WVB, especially those formed in the late episode as well as near the active fault.     

长白山天池火山地震活动与西北太平洋俯冲带内中深源地震关系的研究

根据长白山火山活动的地球动力学背景,综合分析西北太平洋俯冲带俯冲作用所引起的中深源地震与长白山火山地震活动及温泉流体化学气体释放变化趋势的关系。认为在北纬35°以北,西北太平洋板块俯冲作用引起的地幔对流的扰动作用下,长白山火山活动从1999年至目前大体经历了3个阶段:1999年6月至2002年5月为扰动起始阶段,2002年6月至2004年为扰动增强阶段,2005年至目前为扰动衰减阶段。在分析了3个阶段内长白山火山地震活动及温泉气体释放特征的基础上,讨论了长白山天池火山目前的活动状态。从日本海至中国东北深源地震区地震活动期和平静期存在的韵律性活动过程出发,对长白山天池火山未来喷发的可能性进行了分析     

长白山天池火山玻璃和长石微观特征研究

研究了长白山天池火山1000年和5000年前2次大喷发产生的浮岩和火山灰的微观特征,通过TEM-EDX和SEM-EDX分析了浮岩中的火山玻璃和长石晶屑的表面特征及风化层厚度。5000年前大喷发浮岩中的火山玻璃风化层平均厚度3·74μm,1000年前大喷发为0·98μm;5000年前大喷发浮岩中的长石表面风化溶蚀度大于1000年前大喷发物中的长石;两次大喷发浮岩中的火山玻璃风化层化学组成与火山玻璃相比富Al和Fe而Si减少。综合上述特征认为,天池火山喷发物中矿物的微观特征的差异与火山喷发年代和喷发环境有关。因此,系统研究天池火山喷发物的微观特征是十分必要的,并且具有一定的应用价值     

长白山天池火山区及邻近地区壳幔结构探测研究

对长白-敦化深地震测深剖面资料利用二维射线追踪程序包进行走时拟合及地震图计算,得到了长白山天池火山区及邻近地区地壳上地幔速度结构和深部构造. 结果表明,以C2界面为标志,研究区地壳可分为上部地壳和下部地壳. 上部地壳厚1-23km,P波速度为6.00-6.25km/s;下部地壳厚12-17km,它是由一个较均匀的速度层和一个厚6-km的壳幔过渡层构成. 地壳厚度由敦化一带31-33km向东南逐渐增厚,至天池火山区最深达3km. 在天池火山区地壳存在低速体,其速度较周围介质低约为0.15km/s. 利用地震剖面探测、地震CT和大地电磁测深等结果显示,在天池火山区地壳内存在低速、低密度及低阻异常体,该异常体可能表明壳内岩浆囊的存在.     

长白山天池火山区及邻近地区壳幔结构探测研究

对长白-敦化深地震测深剖面资料利用二维射线追踪程序包进行走时拟合及地震图计算,得到了长白山天池火山区及邻近地区地壳上地幔速度结构和深部构造. 结果表明,以C2界面为标志,研究区地壳可分为上部地壳和下部地壳. 上部地壳厚1-23km,P波速度为6.00-6.25km/s;下部地壳厚12-17km,它是由一个较均匀的速度层和一个厚6-km的壳幔过渡层构成. 地壳厚度由敦化一带31-33km向东南逐渐增厚,至天池火山区最深达3km. 在天池火山区地壳存在低速体,其速度较周围介质低约为0.15km/s. 利用地震剖面探测、地震CT和大地电磁测深等结果显示,在天池火山区地壳内存在低速、低密度及低阻异常体,该异常体可能表明壳内岩浆囊的存在.     

SITE EVALUATION AND VOLCANIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OF CHINA

Starting from the 1980's of last century, China has launched the national plan of constructing nuclear power plants along the coastline region in eastern China. Currently, in some of these candidate sites, nuclear facilities have been installed and are in operation, but some other nuclear power plants are still under construction or in site evaluation. In 2012 the Atomic Energy Commission issued the specific guide for volcanic hazards in site evaluation for nuclear installations(IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-21), which was prepared under the IAEA's program for safety standards. It supplements and provides recommendations for meeting the requirements for nuclear installations established in the safety requirements publication on site evaluation for nuclear installations in relation to volcanic hazards. To satisfy the safety standards for volcanic hazard, we follow the IAEA SSG-21 guidelines and develop a simple and practical diffusion program in order to evaluate the potential volcanic hazard caused by tephra fallout from the explosive eruptions. In this practice, we carried out a case study of the active volcanoes in north Hainan Province so as to conduct the probabilistic analysis of the potential volcanic hazard in the surrounding region. The Quaternary volcanism in north Hainan Island, so-called Qiongbei volcanic field is characterized by multi periodic activity, in which the most recent eruption is dated at about 4 000a BP. According to IAEA SSG-21, a capable volcano is one for which both 1)a future eruption or related volcanic event is credible; and 2)such an event has the potential to produce phenomena that may affect a site. Therefore, the Qiongbei volcanic field is capable of producing hazardous phenomena that may reach the potential nuclear power plants around. The input parameters for the simulation of tephra fallout from the future eruption of the Qiongbei volcanic field, such as the size, density and shape of the tephra, the bulk volume and column height, the diffusion parameter P(z), wind direction and intensity, were obtained by field investigation and laboratory analysis. We carried out more than 10000 tephra fallout simulations using a statistical dataset of wind profiles which are obtained from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System(CMDSSS). Tephra fallout hazard probability maps were constructed for tephra thickness threshold of 1cm. Our results show that the tephra produced by the future large-scale explosive eruption from the Qiongbei volcanic field can affect the area in a range about 250km away from the eruption center. In summary, the current key technical parameters related to volcanic activity and potential hazards in IAEA/SSG-21 guidelines, such as 10Ma volcanic life cycle and 1×10^-7 volcanic disaster screening probability threshold, etc. are based on the volcanic activity characteristics in the volcanic island arc system. In consideration of the relatively low level of volcanic activity compared with volcanic island arc system due to the different tectonic background of volcanism in mainland China, the time scale of volcanic disaster assessment in IAEA SSG-21 guideline is relatively high for volcanoes in mainland China. We suggest that the study of "conceptual model" of volcanic activity should be strengthened in future work to prove that there is no credible potential for future eruptions, so that these volcanoes should be screened out at early stage instead of further evaluation by probabilistic model.     

新疆平原沙漠区湖泊干缩生态效应初探

50年代至80年代初,新疆平原沙漠区湖泊普遍处于退缩状态,一些湖泊干涸或基本干涸,这是湖泊所在流域上、中游地区灌溉事业发展的必然结果。到目前为止,湖泊干缩所引起生态环境的变化,其范围主要限于湖周有限区域;变化的幅度尚未达到对人类生活和生湖泊及湖周有限区域生态环境的恶化中,人类不正确的活动方式占了很大比重。