采前喷钙对芍药切花生理生化的影响

以芍药切花品种'杨妃出浴'为试验材料,于采前不同时期喷施4%的CaCl2溶液,以不喷钙切花为对照,观察、测定芍药切花瓶插寿命、花径以及瓶插期间生理生化的变化,已探讨采前喷钙及喷钙时期对芍药切花衰老的影响.结果显示,采前喷钙处理有利于芍药切花保持水分平衡,增加切花花径和鲜重,降低切花体内可溶性蛋白质的降解速度,减缓膜透性的增大,延长切花寿命.研究表明,以采前21 d喷钙为最佳处理,可以延长芍药切花瓶插寿命2.3 d.     

光质对花生幼苗叶片光合色素含量及光合特性的影响

在单色LED灯光照条件下,以青花6号花生品种为材料,研究了不同光质对花生幼苗光合色素含量及光合特性的影响.结果表明:与自然光照相比,蓝光(445~470 nm)可显著提高花生幼苗比叶面积、叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较高,胞间CO2浓度较低,光合效率显著提高;红光(610~660 nm)显著提高了叶片叶绿素含量,降低了比叶面积、叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量,光合效率低于自然光照;绿光(515~520 nm)和黄光(590~595 nm)不利于光合色素的积累,显著抑制了花生幼苗叶片的光合作用.     

铝胁迫对大豆叶片光合特性的影响

以大豆浙春2号、浙春3号和9703等3个品种(系)为材料,设置不同铝处理浓度,研究了铝对大豆叶片光合作用特性的影响.结果表明,铝处理抑制了大豆叶片叶绿素的合成,降低了大豆叶片叶绿素含量(5%～35%),使a/b值下降,气孔阻力增加10%～35%,气孔导度降低10%～40%,光合速率和蒸腾速率分别下降了5%～40%和20%～50%,水分利用率下降15%～50%.可见,铝胁迫对大豆叶片的光合作用产生了一定的抑制,且这种抑制在大豆5叶期表现较初荚期明显.此外,3个大豆品种对铝毒的反应存在一定的基因型差异.     

遮阴对猫爪草光合特性及叶片解剖结构的影响

【目的】探究不同遮阴度对野生植物猫爪草（Ranunculus ternatus Thunb）光合特性和叶片解剖结构的影响,为深入了解其耐阴性以及开展规模化栽植提供理论基础。【方法】采用控制变量法,以盆栽猫爪草为试验材料,设置全光照（CK）、30%遮阴（T1）、50%遮阴（T2）、70%遮阴（T3）和90%遮阴（T4）5个处理,对不同遮阴处理下的光合特性及叶片解剖结构进行分析。【结果】（1）随着遮阴程度增加,叶面积在T3环境下达到最大值,株高和茎粗逐渐降低。（2）随遮阴程度的增加,叶片表观量子效率（AQE）先升后降,在T4处理下显著低于其他处理,而光饱和点（LSP）、光补偿点（LCP）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）和最大净光合速率（Pnmax）逐渐降低;最大荧光（Fm）、可变荧光（Fv）、最大化学效率（Fv/Fm）和PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/F0）先升后降,初始荧光（F0）热耗散的电子比率（φDo）则先降后升。（3）随着遮阴程度的增加,叶片气孔密度先减后增,并在T3处理达到最小值,上下表皮厚度和海绵组织厚度逐渐降低,组织结构紧密度（CTR）先降后升,组织结构疏松度（SR）先升后降。（4）叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织、叶片厚度及上、下表皮厚度与Rd呈极显著或显著正相关关系;海绵组织厚度、CTR和SR与Pnmax ,以及栅海比（P/S）、SR与AQE均呈显著正相关关系;海绵组织厚度和SR与F0呈显著负相关关系。【结论】猫爪草可以通过降低光合速率和改变叶片结构来提高耐阴性,在全光照下生长良好,也能较好地适应30%-70%遮阴环境。     

小麦拔节期淹水对叶片光合特性的影响

为研究拔节期涝害对小麦叶片光合特性的影响, 以小麦品种烟农19 为试验材料, 采用盆栽试验, 于小麦拔节 期进行淹水(涝害)处理, 分析小麦叶片光合气体交换参数的变化。结果表明, 拔节期淹水6 d 后小麦叶片SPAD 值较对照显著下降。在淹水3–9 d 内, 随着小麦叶片净光合速率逐渐下降, 叶片气孔导度和胞间CO2 浓度亦显著下降, 说明烟农19 光合速率下降主要是叶片气孔限制引起的。而在淹水后期(9 d 之后), 净光合速率持续下降, 而叶片胞间CO2浓度却升高, 说明在涝害发生后期叶片光合速率下降主要由非气孔因素引起。在小麦拔节期涝害前期叶片光合速率下降主要是由叶片气孔限制引起的, 而在涝害发生后期叶片光合速率下降主要由非气孔因素引起。     

遮荫对苦丁茶树叶片特征及光合特性的影响

通过人工遮荫方式研究了4种遮荫强度(全光照、20%、40%和60%遮荫)对苦丁茶树叶片生长和光合特性的影响,从而为苦丁茶合理栽培和抚育管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)40%遮荫条件下苦丁茶树叶片宽度、厚度、叶面积和栅栏组织厚度均显著高于其它3个处理(P0.05),栅栏组织层数为2层,其它3个处理均为1层。遮荫显著提高了苦丁茶树叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量,且随遮荫程度的增强叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素a/b呈相反趋势。(2)40%遮荫处理显著提高了苦丁茶树叶片净光合速率(P0.05),而遮荫达到60%时则抑制了其光合速率。20%和40%遮荫处理促进苦丁茶树叶片气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率的提高,降低了蒸汽压亏缺,有利于光合作用的进行;全光照和60%遮荫处理下蒸汽压亏缺显著高于其它处理,而气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度等因子极显著降低,从而抑制了苦丁茶树叶片蒸腾作用和光合作用。(3)遮荫处理降低了苦丁茶树叶片光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,40%遮荫处理下表观量子效率和最大净光合速率显著提高。随着遮荫程度的增强,Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo降低,与全光照相比,3种遮荫处理Fv/Fm依次下降了2.71%、4.59%和8.03%,Fv/Fo值依次降低了6.89%、11.99%和19.81%(P0.01);60%遮荫下各荧光参数值显著低于其它3个处理,过度遮荫使苦丁茶树叶片叶绿素分子捕获激发能的效率及光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在活性降低。综上,苦丁茶树在适宜的遮荫强度下,即40%遮荫(日光合有效辐射在273—1222μmol·m-2·s-1范围内)条件下其叶片生长和光合能力会有效提高。     

采前喷钙对黄秋葵采后贮藏品质的影响

以黄秋葵为试验材料,采前使用氯化钙、草酸钙、有机酸螯合钙、丙酸钙对黄秋葵幼果进行喷钙处理,以喷清水为对照,考察采前喷不同形态钙对黄秋葵采后贮藏（4±0.5℃）品质的影响。结果表明：采前喷钙处理能减少黄秋葵采后贮藏期的失重率,降低电导率,抑制其果实脆度、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量及色差a*值的减少,较好保持了黄秋葵采后贮藏期的品质,其中以喷浓度为0.05 mol/L 有机酸螯合钙的效果最好,能较好地在冷藏条件下保持黄秋葵原有的外观和风味。     

遮荫对牡丹光合特性及观赏品质的影响

于2008～2011年对牡丹栽培品种进行了不同程度的长期遮荫处理(100%、65%、45%及15%自然光强),并对其中5个品种(‘傲阳’、‘粉中冠’、‘蓝宝石’、‘迎日红’及‘朱光墨润’)进行了光合特性及观赏品质的测定。结果表明:牡丹各品种光饱和点及光补偿点较高,遮荫处理下光饱和点与光补偿点有不同程度降低。65%光照下,所有品种的净光合速率较对照明显提高,成花率高,花朵直径明显增大;45%光照下,各品种成花率高,‘傲阳’、‘蓝宝石’、‘迎日红’及‘朱光墨润’4个品种的净光合速率较对照明显提高,‘粉中冠’、‘蓝宝石’、‘迎日红’及‘朱光墨润’的花朵直径较对照不同程度增大;15%光照下,所有品种的净光合速率及成花率较对照显著降低,花朵直径显著减小。‘蓝宝石’在不同程度遮荫下花色较对照没有明显变化,‘傲阳’在轻中度遮荫下花色较对照没有明显变化;‘粉中冠’及‘迎日红’在65%光照下花色变深变红,45%光照下花色开始变浅;‘朱光墨润’在45%光照下花色开始变蓝变红。研究发现,牡丹是阳生植物,但光照生态幅较宽,适度遮荫能促进光合作用,成花率高,花朵直径增大,花色鲜艳,提高观赏品质,但不同色系品种的适宜遮荫程度各异。     

外源ALA对克瑞森无核葡萄叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

以日光温室栽培的欧亚葡萄品种克瑞森无核为试验材料,在果实膨大期和始熟期采用不同浓度(50、100和150mg·L~(-1))5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)喷施叶片和果穗,研究外源ALA处理对葡萄叶片光合特性、果实着色效果及果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)各浓度ALA处理后葡萄叶片胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、净光合速率(Pn)都有不同程度的增加,并以100mg·L~(-1) ALA处理效果最好。(2)50~150mg·L~(-1) ALA处理均能不同程度提高葡萄果皮花青素、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量,且各ALA处理的果实可溶性糖含量显著高于对照,但可滴定酸含量低于对照。(3)100和150mg·L~(-1) ALA处理能够显著改善果实成熟期的着色参数,且果实着色指数(CIRG)与花青素的积累呈现出良好的一致性。研究发现,在葡萄果实膨大期及始熟期喷施适宜浓度(100mg·L~(-1))ALA能够有效提高叶片光合性能,同时促进果实着色,显著改善果实外观色泽和果实品质。     

亏缺灌溉对板蓝根叶片光合生理特性及产量的影响

以北板蓝根(Isatis tinctoria)为研究对象, 于2018年在河西走廊中部干旱绿洲开展水分控制试验, 设轻、中、重度亏水及充分供水4个控水水平, 通过大田试验探究膜下滴灌条件下亏缺灌溉对板蓝根叶片生理指标、灌水量及产量的影响, 为河西地区板蓝根灌溉策略的制定提供理论依据。结果表明, 板蓝根叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)因营养和肉质根生长期受到亏缺灌溉影响而显著下降, 降幅随亏水程度的加剧而增大, 轻度亏水处理对叶片光合能力的影响不显著, 且在复水之后存在一定的补偿响应; 轻度亏水处理的产量与对照(8 348.91 kg·hm^-2)相比无显著差异, 而其它处理的产量均有不同程度的下降; 灌水量与产量的拟合关系呈二次抛物线, 即产量不随灌水量的增加而升高。因此, 综合分析表明膜下滴灌调亏降低了板蓝根叶片的光合能力, 而营养生长期轻度亏缺灌溉可以节水并提高产量和灌溉效率。     

Cryopreservation of somatic embryos of the herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) by air drying

This study was carried out to establish a suitable method for the cryopreservation of somatic embryos of the herbaceous peony. The somatic embryos were obtained from cotyledon and anther cultures on a MS medium supplemented with abscisic acid (ABA) and phenylacetic acid (PAA), respectively. The frequency of somatic embryo formation was the greatest (61%) from the cotyledons cultured on a MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l(-1) of ABA. Embryos were also obtained directly from anthers cultured on a MS medium with or without 2.0 mg l(-1) of PAA. For the cryopreservation of peony somatic embryos, the embryos were dried under a stream of sterile air and frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen. Thawed embryos were germinated into plantlets after placing on a medium containing 0.3 mg l(-1) of gibberellic acid (GA(3)). The frequency of the post-thaw regrowth of cryopreserved somatic embryos was related to their size and desiccation time, the latter ranging from 0 to 2 h. When the somatic embryos were desiccated for 1 h, the frequency of post-thaw regrowth was greater than 66%. The frequency of post-thaw regrowth of the cryopreserved somatic embryos from anthers and cotyledon tissues was generally high when they were 2-3 mm in size. Desiccation may be a suitable method for the cryopreservation of somatic embryos of the herbaceous peony.     

Cloning and expression of floral organ development-related genes in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)

Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is an important ornamental plant that has different flower types. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its floral organ development has not been fully investigated. This study isolated six floral organ development-related genes in P. lactiflora, namely, APETALA1 (PlAP1), APETALA2 (PlAP2), APETALA3-1 (PlAP3-1), APETALA3-2 (PlAP3-2), PISTILLATA (PlPI) and SEPALLATA3 (PlSEP3). The expression patterns of these genes were also investigated in the three cultivars ‘Hangshao’, ‘Xiangyangqihua’ and ‘Dafugui’. Furthermore, gene expression during floral development was also analyzed in different organs. The results showed that PlAP1 was mainly expressed in the sepals, and PlAP2 was mainly expressed in the carpels and sepals. PlAP3-2 and PlPI had the highest expression levels in the stamens, followed by the petals. The expression levels of PlAP3-1 (from highest to lowest) were in the following order: petals, stamens, carpels and sepals. PlSEP3 was mainly expressed in sepals and carpels. With the depth of stamen petaloidy, the expression levels of PlAP1, PlAP2 and PlSEP3 increased, whereas those of PlAP3-1, PlAP3-2 and PlPI decreased, which showed that PlAP1 mainly determined sepals and petals of P. lactiflora. The PlAP2 not only determined the sepals and petals, and it participated in carpel formation. PlAP3-1, PlAP3-2 and PlPI mainly determined stamens and petals. PlSEP3 determined the identities of sepals and petals. This study would help determine the molecular mechanism underlying floral organ development in P. lactiflora.     

Flower color diversity revealed by differential expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid accumulation in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)

Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is an important ornamental plant which contains different flower colors. In this paper, eight genes encoding phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-o-glucosyltransferase (UF3GT) were isolated. Moreover, the expression patterns of these eight genes and UF5GT in the flowers were investigated in three cultivars, that is, ‘Hongyanzhenghui’, ‘Yulouhongxing’ and ‘Huangjinlun’ with purplish-red, white and yellow flower respectively. Furthermore, flavonoid accumulation in the flowers was also analyzed. The results showed that in different organs, most of genes expressed higher in flowers than in other organs. During the development of flowers, all genes could be divided into four groups. The first group (PlPAL) was highly expressed in S1 and S4. The second group (PlCHS and PlCHI) was at a high expression level throughout the whole developmental stages. The third group (PlF3H, PlF3′H, PlDFR, PlANS and PlUF5GT) gradually decreased with the development of flowers. The fourth group (PlUF3GT) gradually increased during the flower development. In addition, anthoxanthins and anthocyanins were detected in ‘Hongyanzhenghui’ and ‘Yulouhongxing’, chalcones and anthoxanthins were found in ‘Huangjinlun’. When different color flowers were concerned, low expression level of PlCHI induced most of the substrate accumulation in the form of chalcones and displaying yellow, changing a small part of substrates to anthoxanthins, and there was no anthocyanin synthesis in ‘Huangjinlun’ because of low expression level of DFR. In ‘Yulouhongxing’, massive expressions of upstream genes and low expression of DFR caused synthesis of a great deal of anthoxanthins and a small amount of colorless anthocyanins. In ‘Hongyanzhenghui’, a large number of colored anthocyanins were changed from anthoxanthins because of PlDFR, PlANS and PlUF3GT high expressions. These results would provide us a theoretical basis to understand the formation of P. lactiflora flower colors.     

In vitro propagation of herbaceous peony (paeonia lactiflora pall.) by a longitudinal shoot-split method

A procedure for the clonal propagation ofPaeonia lactiflora Pall. cvs. Takinoyosooi and Sarah Bernhardt through shoot tip culture is described. Half strength Murashige and Shoog (1962) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine plus 1 mg/l gibberellic acid promoted formation and growth of axillary buds. Continuous shoot multiplication was achieved by vertically splitting the shoot axis and subsequent division of elongated axillary shoots every 36 days. High frequency (57–100%) of rooting was obtained on paper-bridge liquid medium supplemented with 1 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid. Half of the rooted plantlets were established on porous soil. Thus, 700 and 300 plants of cv. Takinoyosooi and Sarah Bernhardt could be theoretically obtained from a single bud in one year.Abbreviations BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - GA gibberellic acid - NAA a-naphthaleneacetic acid - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal medium     

芍药花粉活力和柱头可授性的研究

用TTC法测定了芍药花粉的活力和寿命,用联苯胺—过氧化氢法测定了其柱头的可授期。结果表明,栽培芍药单瓣花植株的花粉活力和重瓣花植株的花粉活力在开花初期(1～2d)无明显差别,但重瓣花植株的花粉活力比单瓣花植株的花粉活力下降快;通常情况下,花粉寿命约为7d。栽培品种的柱头有个体差异,单瓣花植株有的开花后2h即可分泌粘液,而重瓣花植株的柱头在开花后,有的一直不分泌粘液,有的在开花后两天才分泌粘液;单瓣花植株的柱头可授性比重瓣花植株的强,一般分别在开花后6d和3d之内具可授性。移栽的野生芍药植株的花粉活力比栽培品种下降的慢,其寿命也较长,一般为15d;柱头的可授性和粘液分泌比栽培植株强。     

Transcriptome and weighted correlation network analyses provide insights into inflorescence stem straightness in Paeonia lactiflora

Plant Molecular Biology - Lack of structural components results in inflorescence stem bending. Differentially expressed genes involved in lignin and hemicellulose biosynthesis are vital; genes...     

Protective Effects of Paeonia lactiflora Pall on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells

This study was conducted to examine the antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of Paeonia lactiflora pall (PLE). Total phenolic content of PLE was 89.65 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of PLE. IC₅₀ values for reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were 297.57, 3.33, and 32.74 μg, respectively. The protective effect of PLE against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage to PC12 cells was investigated by an 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. After 2 h of cell exposure to 0.5 mM H₂O₂, a marked reduction in cell survival was observed. However, this reduction was significantly prevented by 10–100 μg/ml of PLE. H₂O₂ also induced severe apoptosis of the PC12 cells, which was indicated by a flow cytometric analysis. Interestingly, the H₂O₂-stressed PC12 cells that had been incubated with PLE had greatly suppressed apoptosis. The results suggest that PLE could be a candidate for a new antioxidant against neuronal diseases.     

Nano-silver modifies the vase life of cut herbaceous peony (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paeonia lactiflora</Emphasis> Pall.) flowers

Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is a popular high-grade cut flower because of higher ornamental value. However, its short flowering time severely restricts the production and application of cut P. lactiflora flowers. In this study, nano-silver (NS) was applied to prolong the vase life of cut P. lactiflora flowers. Under the NS treatment, related physiological indices including relative electrical conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion free radical (O₂^·?), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and free proline contents, and protective enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) all increased in cut P. lactiflora flowers except soluble protein. Meanwhile, NS treatment increased relative water uptake (RWU) and Ag⁺ distribution. Moreover, the observation of microstructures indicated that the stem-ends without NS treatment were blocked by microbes which were identified as Alternaria sp. and Phoma sp., and NS effectively inhibited their growth by antibacterial efficacy observation. Additionally, three aquaporin genes (AQPs) including two plasma membrane intrinsic protein genes (PlPIP1;2, PlPIP2;1) and one NOD26-like intrinsic protein gene (PlNIP) were isolated, PlPIP1;2, and PlPIP2;1 that were induced by NS treatment took common effects on maintaining the water balance of cut P. lactiflora flowers. Consequently, the vase life of cut P. lactiflora flowers was prolonged and flower fresh weight together with flower diameter was well kept because of these above factors. These results would provide a theoretical basis for prolonging the vase life and improving the ornamental quality of cut P. lactiflora flowers with NS application.