住宅建筑地下室顶板对采暖能耗的影响研究

本文在分析我国居住建筑能耗特点及现状的基础上,阐述了降低居住采暖能耗的必要性;鉴于我国建筑节能技术的应用现状,针对济南市某住宅楼,分析了四种地下室顶板对采暖能耗的影响,求出了满足节能50%目标地下室顶板应具备的最小热阻及构造做法.     

我国住宅建筑节能潜力分析——除供暖外的住宅建筑能耗

城镇民用建筑能源消耗分为北方地区供暖能耗、除供暖外的住宅能耗、除供暖外的一般性非住宅民用建筑和大型公共建筑能耗四部分,着重分析了其中的除供暖外的住宅能耗。首先,阐述了我国住宅建筑能耗的现状,指出目前我国住宅建筑能耗水平较低,但呈现加速增长的趋势;其次,针对我国住宅建筑能耗的刚性增长趋势,提出了住宅建筑节能的重点——住宅空调器升级与更新、降低照明能耗和减少家电待机损失。并分析计算了三个方面的节能措施所能达到的实际节能效果。     

Energy demand for space heating through a statistical approach: application to residential buildings

This study deals with the statistical analysis of a data set of residential buildings to find simplified correlations for the assessment of the energy demand for space heating.     

The effect of occupancy and building characteristics on energy use for space and water heating in Dutch residential stock

As a consequence of the improved quality of thermal properties of buildings due to energy regulations, overall energy use associated with building characteristics is decreasing, making the role of the occupant more important. Studies have shown that occupant behaviour might play a prominent role in the variation in energy consumption in different households but the extent of such influence is unknown. The impact of the building's thermal characteristics on space heating demand has been well studied. There is however, little work done that incorporates the impact of consumer behaviour. This study aims to gain greater insight into the effect of occupant behaviour on energy consumption for space heating by determining its effect on the variation of energy consumption in dwellings while controlling for building characteristics. The KWR database from the Ministry of Housing in the Netherlands was used. This study showed that occupant characteristics and behaviour significantly affect energy use (4.2%), but building characteristics still determine a large part of the energy use in a dwelling (42%). Further analysis showed that some occupant behaviour is determined by the type of dwelling or HVAC systems and, therefore, the effect of occupant characteristics might be larger than expected, since these determine the type of dwelling.     

The impact of building orientation on residential heating and cooling

Heating and cooling loads have been calculated for a prototype residential building at different orientations, using a development version of the building energy analysis computer program BLAST. The study was carried out for 25 climates in the United States. It was found that in all climates, when the more extensively glazed exposure is oriented to south, total loads are significantly lower than those in the same building oriented east or west. North orientation also produces lower total loads than east or west orientations in the southern two-thirds of the U.S., and roughly equivalent loads in the northern third. Total loads are higher for north than south orientation except in extreme southern latitudes of the U.S. (those areas with dominant cooling loads). Variation of peak loads in response to orientation and sensitivity of results to (1) total window area and its distribution, (2) size of window overhangs, and (3) level of thermal mass are reported.     

The impact of energy efficient refurbishment on the space heating fuel consumption in English dwellings

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of a major domestic energy efficiency refurbishment programme on domestic space heating fuel consumption. The case study dwellings were monitored either before or after (or both) the introduction of energy efficiency retrofit measures such as cavity wall insulation, loft insulation, draught stripping and energy efficient heating system. Property and utility consumption data were collected and half-hourly living room and main bedroom temperatures were monitored for 2–4 week period over two winters from a total of 1372 households selected from five major urban areas in England. Space heating fuel consumption was normalized to account for variation in the indoor–outdoor temperature difference and the dwelling floor area. The findings show that cavity wall and loft insulation can reduce the space heating fuel consumption by 10% in centrally heated properties and 17% in non-centrally heated properties. However, the introduction of a gas central heating system, although theoretically more efficient, has no significant impact in reducing fuel consumption even after adjusting for increased internal temperature.     

A user-centric space heating energy management framework for multi-family residential facilities based on occupant pattern prediction modeling

Space heating is the highest energy consumer in the operation of residential facilities in cold regions. Energy saving measures for efficient space heating operation are thus of paramount importance in efforts to reduce energy consumption in buildings. For effective functioning of space heating systems, efficient facility management coupled with relevant occupant behaviour information is necessary. However, current practice in space heating control is event-driven rather than user-centric, and in most cases relevant occupant information is not incorporated into space heating energy management strategies. This causes system inefficiency during the occupancy phase. For multi-family residential facilities, integrating occupant information within space heating energy management strategies poses several challenges; unlike with commercial facilities, in multi-family facilities occupant behavior does not follow any fixed activity-schedule pattern. In this study, a framework is developed for extracting relevant information about the uncertainties pertaining to occupant patterns (i.e., demand load) in multi-family residential facilities by identifying the factors affecting space heating energy consumption. This is achieved using sensor-based data monitoring during the occupancy phase. Based on the analysis of the monitoring data, a structure is defined for developing an occupant pattern prediction model that can be integrated with energy management strategies to reduce energy usage in multi-family residential facilities. To demonstrate the developed framework, a multi-family residential building in Fort McMurray, Canada, is chosen as a case study. This paper shows that integrating the developed occupant pattern prediction model within space heating energy management strategies can assist facility managers to achieve space heating energy savings in multi-family residential facilities.     

Assessment of climate change impact on residential building heating and cooling energy requirement in Australia

This study investigated the potential impact of climate change on the heating and cooling (H/C) energy requirements of residential houses in five regional climates varying from cold to hot humid in Australia. Nine General Circulation Models (GCMs) under three carbon emission scenarios were applied to project the local climate. It was found that significant climate change impact on H/C energy requirements may occur within the lifespan of existing housing stock. The total H/C energy requirement of newly constructed 5 star houses is projected to vary significantly in the range of −26% to 101% by 2050 and −48% to 350% by 2100 given the A1B, A1FI and 550 ppm stabilisation emission scenarios, dependent on the existing regional climate. In terms of percentage change, houses in an H/C balanced temperate climate such as Sydney is found to be the most sensitive to climate change, potentially posing more pressures on the capacity of local energy supply. It was also found that energy efficient or high star rating houses may experience less absolute changes in energy requirement. However, they appear to experience higher percentage changes in the total H/C energy requirement. Especially in the regions with an H/C balanced temperate climate such as Sydney, the increase in the total H/C energy requirement is projected up to 120% and 530% for a 7 star house when the global temperature increases 2 °C and 5 °C respectively. The high sensitivity to global warming may need to be considered in the planning of future energy requirement for energy efficient buildings.     

《采暖居住建筑节能检验标准》解读

该标准对采暖居住建筑的节能检验项目、应用类别、仪器仪表的性能要求、检测方法和检验规则作出了明确规定。     

对住宅阳台空间节能的理解

根据阳台空间的设计和使用现状进行了分析比较,指出了阳台空间所具有的中介效应和呼吸作用,并提出了阳台功能的新概念,以达到节约能源的目的,以适应社会发展的趋势。     

住宅建筑节能与供暖方式探讨

结合现行住宅分户采暖设计规范，从门窗节能、墙体与屋面节能、冷桥部位的保温设计等方面，提出了建筑节能设计的具体措施，并对几种新型供暖方式进行了探讨。     

An analysis of residential space heating in New Zealand

An engineering-economic model which simulates residential energy use in New Zealand for 1976 – 2000 has been developed. This paper describes a detailed engineering analysis which was made to determine the effect of various factors on energy use for space heating. The information gained from many computer simulations is used to develop a quantitative relationship between heating energy use and major determinants-climatic location, building type and intensity of use. In view of the New Zealand attitude to home heating, particular attention was paid to the effect of intermittent heating. A method to establish national average annual energy use from regional climate and housing distribution data is presented. A set of forecasts based on three different growth scenarios was developed; the inputs and the resulting heating energy use forecasts are described. The analysis demonstrates that the potential of conservation programmes to reduce energy use, with little effect on comfort conditions, can be substantial; in fact, it is possible to achieve a negative growth. Finally, the limitations of the analysis are discussed.     

长治地区采暖居住建筑节能设计探讨

根据山西省发布的采暖居住建筑节能设计标准实施细则，结合长治地区的具体情况，从建筑物的热工设计和采暖供热系统设计两个方面探讨了长治市采暖居住建筑节能设计的具体实施方法和存在的一些问题。     

居住行为与住宅中起居空间的变迁

介绍了居住行为与住宅中起居空间的关系 ,阐述了中国的传统住宅与传统的居住行为 ,从不同的角度 ,论述了现代住宅设计与居住空间的私密性 ,指出住宅设计应“以人为本”。     

Simulation of the impact of financial incentives on solar energy utilization for space conditioning and water heating: 1985

Financial incentives designed to accelerate the use of solar energy for heating, cooling, and water heating of buildings have been proposed by both state and federal legislative bodies in the U.S.A. Among the most frequently mentioned incentives are sales and property tax exemptions, tax deductions and credits, rapid amortization provisions, and interest rate subsidies. At the present time there is little available information regarding the ability of such incentives to advance the rate of solar energy utilization. This paper describes the derivation and use of a computer simulation model designed to estimate solar energy use for space conditioning and water heating for given economic, climatic, and technological conditions. When applied to data from the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area, the simulation model predicts that sales tax exemptions would have little impact over the next decade, interest rate subsidies could more than double solar energy use, and the other proposed incentives would have an intermediate impact.     

新建居住建筑采暖节能小议

阐述了新建居住建筑采暖的两种基本形式：双立管水平串联式散热器采暖系统和低温热水地板辐射采暖系统,介绍了居住建筑采暖节能的主要方向和措施,以实现节约能源的目的。     

浅谈采暖居住建筑的节能设计

针对国内建筑节能现状,从采暖居住建筑节能规划、采暖居住建筑节能构造两方面就节能问题进行了初步探讨,以提高能源利用率,尽快实现我国的节能目标。     

Development and validation of regression models to predict monthly heating demand for residential buildings

The present research work concerns development of regression models to predict the monthly heating demand for single-family residential sector in temperate climates, with the aim to be used by architects or design engineers as support tools in the very first stage of their projects in finding efficiently energetic solutions. Another interest to use such simplified models is to make it possible a very quick parametric study in order to optimize the building structure versus environmental or economic criteria. All the energy prediction models were based on an extended database obtained by dynamic simulations for 16 major cities of France. The inputs for the regression models are the building shape factor, the building envelope U-value, the window to floor area ratio, the building time constant and the climate which is defined as function of the sol-air temperature and heating set-point. If the neural network (NN) methods could give precise representations in predicting energy use, with the advantage that they are capable of adjusting themselves to unexpected pattern changes in the incoming data, the multiple regression analysis was also found to be an efficient method, nevertheless with the requirement that an extended database should be used for the regression. The validation is probably the most important level when trying to find prediction models, so 270 different scenarios are analysed in this research work for different inputs of the models. It has been established that the energy equations obtained can do predictions quite well, a maximum deviation between the predicted and the simulated is noticed to be 5.1% for Nice climate, with an average error of 2%. In this paper, we also show that is possible to predict the building heating demand even for more complex scenarios, when the construction is adjacent to non-heated spaces, basements or roof attics.     

Field performance of an energy pile system for space heating

This paper describes the field performance of air conditioning with an energy pile system, which was applied to the pile foundations of an actual building for the purpose of reducing the cost of the underground heat exchanger. First, the building for both office and residential use, for which a space heating and cooling system using friction piles was installed, was built in Sapporo in December 2000. Second, three tests were carried out to specify the design of a heat exchanger inside the pile, and a U-tube type underground heat exchanger was adopted from the viewpoint of energy efficiency and installation costs. Long-term space heating operation measurements indicated that the seasonal average temperatures of brine returning from the underground and pile surfaces were 2.4 and 6.7 °C, respectively. The average coefficient of performance for space heating was quite high at 3.9, and the seasonal primary energy reduction rate compared with a typical air conditioning system reached 23.2%.     

住宅的集中供热供暖系统和节能

指出住宅供暖方式的主体仍将是集中热源供暖系统，实行分户计量和收费的难度在于热量定价影响因素的复杂性、适合国情的热表的开发和应用、尤其是与此相应的新的供暖制式的探索，在传统供暖制式下应以大力提高供暖均匀性为重要的节能手段。分析了室温可调性问题和散热器恒温阀的应用条件和范围。