多花黑麦草饲喂泌乳牛的效果

<正> 农业产业结构调整促使农区乳牛饲养迅速发展,乳牛饲养正日益成为农民增收的重要途径。但是,由于缺乏科学饲养乳牛的知识,大部分农户沿用传统的饲养方式来饲养乳牛。粗饲料以野青菜、水花生和农副产品为主,优质牧草利用甚少。为推广水稻后茬播种多花黑麦草,改善乳牛粗饲料品质,笔者于1999年春季进行了多花黑麦草饲喂泌乳牛的试验,获得了可喜的效果,现将试验结果报告如下。     

柠条枝条饲喂泌乳牛试验

柠条是锦鸡儿属植物栽培种的通称,为落叶灌木。在我国主要分布于黄河以北的干旱和半干旱地区,有极强的生命力和抗逆性,多作为生态保护予以报道。但作为奶牛饲草报道甚少。柠条小叶锦鸡儿含有丰富的营养成分(%):粗蛋白16.84、粗脂肪3.22、可溶性无氮物26.50、粗纤维35.25、粗灰分5.93和大量的维生素、矿物质。为探索柠条饲喂奶牛的效果,为今后在我省奶牛生产中推广应用提供科学依据,我们于2003年9月15日～10月31日在山西省农科院畜牧研究所奶牛场进行了试验研究,现将结果报告如下。1材料与方法:1.1供试牛选择与分组选择16头健康无病,处于泌乳…     

特高多花黑麦草饲喂肉鹅试验

特高 (Tetrtagord)多花黑麦草属宽叶型一年生禾本科牧草品种 ,具有生长快、再生力、分蘖性强 ,产草量高 ,营养价值高 ,适口性好的特点 ,为掌握其饲喂畜禽效果及经济效益 ,特作特高多花黑麦草育肥肉鹅试验 ,为今后在红河州推广种植和草畜配套利用技术提供科学依据 ,现将试验情况报告于后。1　材料及方法1 1　试验时间及地点　试验于 2 0 0 2年 1月 2 1日至 3月 2 8日 ,在建水县西庄镇高营村一养鹅专业户的鹅场进行 ,历时6 7d ,其中预试期 7d ,正试期 6 0d ,分为两个阶段 ,30d为一阶段称重一次。1 2　试验鹅及分组　选择本地同期孵育的 14日…     

苹果渣饲喂泌乳牛的试验效果

苹果渣是生产苹果汁的下脚料,营养丰富,适口性好,近几年,随着苹果加工厂的增加,我市许多养奶牛户利用苹果渣下脚料饲喂奶牛,不仅解决了苹果渣造成的环境污染问题,而且提高了奶牛产量,降低了生产成本,增加了奶牛养殖业效益。为进一步验证和推广该技术,笔者于1999年在我场进行了利用苹果渣饲喂泌乳牛的对比试验,取得了理想效果。     

脲酶抑制剂饲喂泌乳牛的试验效果

脲酶是牛、羊等反刍动物瘤胃中一种能迅速分解蛋白质的酶,其分解速度是瘤胃吸收速度的４倍。只有充分降低脲酶活性,才能使反刍动物充分利用饲料中的蛋白质。为添补我国蛋白质饲料不足和反刍动物饲养技术落后这一空白,中国农科院畜牧所经过４年多的时间研制成功了“脲酶...     

腐殖酸脲饲喂泌乳牛试验

选择10头处于泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛,采用配对分组法,每组5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组用腐殖酸脲取代基础日粮豆饼供给量的40%。结果表明:试验组与对照组日均产奶量分别为15.35kg和15.54kg,差异不显著(p>0.05)。试验组牛每头每天节省豆饼574g,试验期内头日节约饲草料费0.58元,效益明显。     

利用氨基酸发酵剂发酵饲料饲喂泌乳牛试验

氨基酸发酵剂属于微生态促进剂，是一种利用现代生物技术制成的饲料添加剂。它具有以下两方面作用：一是增进畜禽健康。氨基酸发酵剂进入动物体内后，能选择性的对消化道内某些有益菌(双歧杆菌)进行刺激生长繁殖或激活代谢功能，提高消化道内有益于健康的优势菌群的构成和数量，从而起到增强畜禽健     

"信和源"奶牛浓缩料饲喂泌乳牛试验

"信和源"奶牛浓缩饲料是针对奶牛营养代谢特点,采用微生物发酵技术开发出的一种新型奶牛专用饲料。本试验旨在验证该饲料对奶牛生产性能     

"增奶威"饲喂奶牛的效果试验

选择中国荷斯坦泌乳牛饲喂增奶威活性饲料添加剂。结果表明:增奶威可提高产奶量5-5.8%,增加乳脂率0.04%,牛奶中的体细胞数下降57%,胎衣滞留比率降低,投入产出比达到1:3.8。     

Effect of monensin and vitamin E on milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows

Feeding unsaturated oils to lactating dairy cows impair ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and increase ruminal outflow of BH intermediates such as trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA that are considered to be potent inhibitors of milk fat synthesis. Supplementing lactating dairy cow’s rations containing plant origin oils with monensin and/or vitamin E may minimise the formation of trans‐10 isomers in the rumen, thereby preventing milk fat depression. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin and vitamin E supplementation in the diets of lactating dairy cows containing whole cottonseed, as the main source of FA on feed intake, milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilisation, efficiency of net energy (NE) utilisation and nutrients digestibilities. Four multiparous Holstein lactating dairy cows (86 ± 41 days in milk) were assigned to a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with a 14 days of treatment adaptation and a 7 days of data collection. The control diet was a total mixed ration (TMR) consisted of 430 g/kg forage and 570 g/kg of a concentrate mixture on dry matter (DM) basis. Cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments including control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E/kg of DM (E), control diet supplemented with 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (M) and control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E and 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (EM). Dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 19.1 to 19.5 kg/d and was similar among the dietary treatments. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk production, milk fat, protein and lactose concentrations, efficiency of utilisation of nitrogen and net energy for lactation (NE_L). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) was not affected by the dietary treatments. Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was higher in cows fed with the M and EM diets in relation to those fed the C and E diets. The concentrations of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, trans‐10‐16:1, cis‐9‐16:1, 17:0, 18:0, trans‐11‐18:1, cis‐9‐18:1, cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA, and 18:3n‐3 FA in milk fat were not affected by the dietary supplementations. While feeding the M diet tended to decrease milk fat concentration of C16:0, the milk fat concentration of C18:2n‐6 FA tended to be increased. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk fat concentrations of saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, short chain and long chain FA, but feeding the M diet numerically decreased milk fat concentration of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The results showed that vitamin E and/or monensin supplementations did not improve milk fat content and did not minimise the formation of trans‐10 FA isomers in the rumen when whole cottonseed was included in the diet as the main source of fatty acids.     

Effect of brewer's grain on rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups (n = 3) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each to evaluate the rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition of cows fed brewer's grain (BG). The control diets contained 14% chopped Sudangrass hay, 24% corn silage, 18% alfalfa hay cube, 34% concentrate mixture‐1 and 10% concentrate mixture‐2 (wheat bran, soybean meal and cottonseed). In the experimental diet, wet BG replaced the concentrate mixture‐2. The protozoal population, concentration of ammonia‐N and volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid did not differ between the control and BG diets. The molar percentage of acetic acid was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the BG diet at 5 h after feeding. The milk yield, the percentage of protein, lactose, solids not‐fat and somatic cell counts of milk did not differ between the two diets. The percentage of milk fat tended to increase with the BG diet. The BG diet significantly increased the proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 in milk fat (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) and tended to increase that of conjugated linoleic acid.     

Response of lactating dairy cows to degree of steam‐flaked barley grain in low‐forage diets

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of processing method (grinding vs. steam flaking) and increasing densities of steam‐flaked barley grain on dry matter intake (DMI), rumen pH and fermentation characteristics, digestibility of dry matter in the total digestive tract (DDTT), and milk production of dairy cows. Eight multiparous mid‐lactation Holstein cows averaging 103 ± 24 DIM, 44.5 ± 4.7 kg milk/day and weighing 611 ± 43 kg at the start of the experiment were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21‐day periods. Cows were fed diets consisting of (DM basis) 23.8% corn silage, 13.5% chopped alfalfa hay and 62.7% concentrate. The dietary treatments were either ground barley (GB) using a hammer mill or steam‐flaked barley (SFB) – varying density at 390, 340 or 290 g/l. Processing method (GB vs. SFB) did not affect DMI (23.6 kg/day on average), DDTT (71.0% on average), milk yield (43.4 kg/day on average), milk components, rumen pH and molar proportions of acetate, propionate, butyrate and sorting activity. Ruminal isovalerate concentration tended (p = 0.06) to be higher for cows fed GB than those fed SFB‐based diets. Decreasing the density of SFB from 390, 340 to 290 g/l tended to linearly increase DMI (p = 0.09), decrease total solids percentage of milk (p = 0.10) and linearly decreased milk urea nitrogen (12.8, 12.4 and 12.1 mg/dl; p = 0.04); also, the sorting index (SI) of the particles retained on the 19.0‐mm sieve without affecting the SI of the particles retained on 8.0‐mm, 1.18‐mm or passed through 1.18‐mm sieve (p = 0.05). These results indicated the limited effects of processing method (grinding vs. steam flaking) and densities of SFB (390, 290 or 290 g/l) on cows’ performance and feed utilization for dairy cows fed low‐forage diets. Therefore, both processing methods could be recommended under current feeding conditions of dairy cows.     

不同微生态制剂对奶牛产奶性能和乳品质的影响

[目的]研究旨在探讨不同微生态制剂对奶牛产奶性能和乳品质的影响,[方法]将40头荷斯坦奶牛随机分成4个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,微生态制剂1组、微生态制剂2组、微生态制剂3组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%的三种微生态制剂产品。[结果]结果显示：与对照组相比,微生态制剂1组、微生态制剂2组、微生态制剂3组的平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率均显著增加（P＜0.05）,体细胞数均显著降低（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,微生态制剂1组的平均日采食量、乳脂率均显著增加（P＜0.05）,料奶比显著降低（P＜0.05）。与微生态制剂2组相比,微生态制剂1组的平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率均显著增加（P＜0.05）。[结论]说明三种微生态制剂产品均能在一定程度上提高奶牛的产奶性能和乳品质,以微生态制剂产品1的作用效果最好。     

Determination of milk/plasma ratio and milk and plasma pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin after intramuscular administration in lactating cows

This study was conducted to determine the passage ratio of amoxicillin into milk and its pharmacokinetics in milk and plasma after intramuscular administration. Five healthy dairy cows (Holstein, weighing 450–500 kg, aged 2–4 years) were used in this study. They received single intramuscular amoxicillin at a dose of 14 mg/kg body weight. Blood and milk samples were collected prior to drug administration (0); after 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min; and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hr after administration. The plasma and milk concentrations of amoxicillin were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The passage ratio of amoxicillin into milk and plasma was determined using both AUC‐based calculation and milk and plasma concentrations at sampling times; it was calculated 0.46 and 0.52, respectively. The terminal half‐life and mean residence time of amoxicillin were 6.05 and 8.60 hr in plasma and 2.62 and 5.35 hr in milk, respectively. The C_max2 levels of amoxicillin in plasma and milk were measured as 1,096 and 457 ng/ml, respectively. It was observed that amoxicillin exhibited a secondary peak in plasma and milk. This study was the first to report on the passage ratio of amoxicillin into milk in lactating cows.     

Effect of anthocyanin‐rich corn silage on digestibility,milk production and plasma enzyme activities in lactating dairy cows

Anthocyanin in purple corn (Zea mays L.) has been reported to show several functional and biological attributes, displaying antioxidant, antiobesity and antidiabetic effects in monogastric animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding anthocyanin‐rich corn (Zea mays L., Choko C922) silage on digestibility, milk production and plasma enzyme activities in lactating dairy cows. The cows were fed diets based on the control corn or the anthocyanin‐rich corn silage (AR treatment) in a crossover design. The anthocyanin‐rich corn silage‐based diet had a lower starch content, nutrient digestibility and total digestible nutrients content when compared to the control diet. The milk yield, lactose and solids‐not‐fat contents in the AR‐treatment cows were lower than in the control cows. The feeding of the anthocyanin‐rich corn silage led to a reduction in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity and an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the plasma. These data suggest that the anthocyanin‐rich corn has a lowering effect on AST activity with concomitant enhancement of SOD activity in lactating dairy cows. However, a new variety of anthocyanin‐rich corn with good nutritional value is needed for practical use as a ruminant feed.     

利用转基因技术提高一年生黑麦草抗热性能的构想

一年生黑麦草是一种高产、优质的禾本科牧草,适应性广,很多国家都已经大面积栽培推广。但实践证明,高温严重阻碍其生长发育。根据生命的多样性和生命本质的一致性规律,利用转基因技术将外源抗热基因导入一年生黑麦草,提高其抗热性能,使其在我国南方地区的土壤和气候条件下,可以生长多年。探讨了用转基因物技术改良一年生黑麦草抗热性能的可能性。     

酮粉法检测泌乳牛尿酮乳酮的应用研究

荷斯坦泌乳牛尿、乳酮体的酮粉法定性试验表明：尿酮阳性率为29．25％，乳酮阳性率为10％。尿、乳阳性牛的血酮、血糖、乳酮、尿酮定量测定表明：酮粉法判定泌乳奶牛亚临床酮病，尿酮阳性反应具有早期、敏感、准确性低的特点。乳酮阳性反应具有准确、敏感性低、方便等特点。二者同时定性检测具有互补作用。     

清热解暑中药验方对热应激奶牛采食行为及产奶性能的影响

本试验探讨3种清热解暑中药验方对热应激奶牛采食行为及产奶性能的影响.40头泌乳末期的中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,分别接受4种处理,即对照组、清热健胃组、清暑组和加减白虎汤组.所有试验牛饲喂相同的全混合日粮,3个处理组分别补饲清热健胃散、清暑散和加减白虎汤散剂,用量为每日每头150 g.结果发现,全天采食量和牛舍各时点的温度和温湿指数极显著负相关.在奶牛处于轻度热应激时添加清热解暑中药对采食行为影响不显著,仅在第1天早饲时略影响采食速度.清暑组干物质采食量较高,产奶量下降较少,表明清暑散具有缓解热应激、促进食欲的作用.