木麻黄水培生根能力及遗传变异研究

通过木麻黄不同树种、激素类型、浓度、浸泡时间对木麻黄水培生根影响的试验,认为树种是影响木麻黄水培生根最主要的因素,在参试的因素水平中,以山神木麻黄小枝在60×10-6的奈乙酸溶液中浸泡18h后水培为最佳水平组合。从种源、无性系方面探讨短枝木麻黄水培生根能力的遗传变异规律。结果表明:生根率在种源、无性系水平上均存在极显著差异,而且受强度遗传控制,具有选择改良的潜力。粤1、东山2号、东山1号和东山3号是生根能力较强的无性系。     

木麻黄优良无性系选育及在二代更新造林中的应用

通过采用木麻黄优树选择与子代测定的方法,从63个木麻黄家系中筛选出10个优良家系,再经苗期测定选出4个无性系在木麻黄更新造林中应用表明,其造林成活率、保存率和生长量以及抗病性均明显优于对照的木麻黄实生苗;综合抗风力、水培生根率和干形等评价指标表明,选育的粤501、平18、惠1和莆20等4个木麻黄无性系较为优良,可以在全省沿海防护林建设中推广应用。     

木麻黄无性系选择及其在滨海沙地更新造林中的应用

为解决木麻黄更新难的问题,在福建省平潭县开展了木麻黄无性系选择研究,结果表明,木麻黄2号无性系具有水培易生根、抗木毒蛾虫害强、营建农田林网和防护片林生长快、早成林和短时间内能发挥防护作用的特点。木麻黄2号是平潭县木麻黄更新中理想的无性系。     

耐盐杨树新无性系选育续报

通过４种浓度盐溶液水培、砂培试验，探讨了盐处理条件下鲁杨６、鲁杨３１、鲁杨６９、鲁杨７０四个杨析无性系和八里庄杨插穗生根、幼苗生长和生理指标的变化。结果表明，在高浓度盐胁迫下，４个新无性系的生根能力，生长和形态表现的均优于八里庄杨；其生理指标，Ｃｌ积累量、叶片质膜透性、膜脂过氧化程度则显著小于八里庄杨。说明４个杨树新无性系比八里庄杨有较经的耐盐性。     

短枝木麻黄不同种源及家系的水培生根能力差异分析

为了研究沿海防护林碳汇优势树种短枝木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia水培生根能力的遗传变异,以短枝木麻黄4个天然分布或引种区(澳洲天然分布区、亚洲天然分布区、亚洲引种区和非洲引种区)内10个国家的21个种源共70个家系的种子苗嫩枝为材料,开展生根能力差异的比较研究.结果 表明,短枝木麻黄嫩枝水培生根能力在区域间、国家间差异显著,在种源间、家系间差异极显著,其中生根能力最强的种源为肯尼亚次生种源18142,生根率高达95.2％,最弱的种源为中国次生种源18269,生根率仅为46.7％.生根率、生根数和根长之间无线性相关性,短枝木麻黄生根能力评价应以生根率为主要指标.     

几个木麻黄优良无性系在平潭县育苗造林中的评价

通过对几个木麻黄优良无性系在平潭县沿海防护林建设中的应用进行评价，结果认为，P10—33、501、701、A13这4个无性系的水培生根率、移植成活率、造林保存率较高，生长量较大，适合于平潭县营建沿海防护林的推广虚髓。     

盐胁迫对灌木柳无性系生长及蛋白表达的影响

通过盐胁迫下两个灌木柳无性系水培试验发现,盐胁迫对水培苗生长有显著影响.JW22-2和JW2345无性系地上部分(茎叶)生长受到盐胁迫的显著抑制,地下部分(根)生长在高盐胁迫(3 g/L)下也受到明显抑制,JW2345的耐盐能力强于JW22-2.通过SDS-PAGE电泳对盐胁迫下两无性系特异蛋白表达分析表明,JW22-2和JW2345无性系在盐胁迫下分子量为38.6kD和40.6kD的蛋白含量减少,92.5kD蛋白表达增加.JW22-2无性系在2 g/L和3g/L盐处理下合成了分子量为60.5kD的新蛋白.分子量为92.5kD蛋白可能与两个灌木柳无性系耐盐性有关.     

干旱胁迫下木麻黄15个无性系幼苗生理指标的变化

以木麻黄15个无性系幼苗为试材,用聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)在室内模拟干旱条件,研究了上述15个无性系在干旱胁迫下生理指标的变化.结果表明:除了南山8,其余参试无性系在重度(15%)胁迫下叶绿素含量均高于对照;在重度胁迫下(15%),细胞膜透性增加最多的是莆6和龙4,分别比对照增加了2.55和2.27倍,增...     

福建柏抗盐无性系初步选择研究

对福建柏1年生无性苗木用100 mmol.L-1NaCl进行胁迫处理,在处理60 d后对苗木的叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、丙二醛等指标进行测定,结果表明:参试的福建柏无性材料间叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量等指标存在明显差异,且受遗传力制约,这些指标可作为抗盐无性系选育的依据;盐胁迫下309、327、328、381-2无性系的叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量分别比总体平均值增加了6.8%～57.1%、11.7%～17.3%、0.7%～14.5%,丙二醛含量减少了17.8%～56.8%。说明这4个无性系有相对较高的抗盐性,初步筛选出309、327、328、381-2抗盐无性系。     

木麻黄嫩枝水培育苗试验

以木麻黄无性系501和惠-1嫩枝为材料,研究了不同浓度NAA处理及处理时间、水培方法对其成活率的影响,结果表明,40 mg·L-1 NAA处理24 h、流动水培育为最优条件,在此条件下,水培20 d时501和惠-1无性系插穗生根率分别为88%和87%,相应的不定根长度在0.5~0.7 cm;501和惠-1无性系水培小苗经移植后其容器育苗成活率分别为78%和80%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.