基于压电阻抗频率变化的螺栓松动检测技术

针对螺栓松动问题,提出基于压电阻抗频率变化的螺栓松动监测方法。在螺栓头部安装压电材料,采用材料试验机拉伸螺栓来精确模拟螺栓所受预紧力;研究了洁净环境和油污环境中,压电材料导纳谱中的峰值频率随螺栓预紧力的变化。结果表明：随着螺栓预紧力的增大,压电导纳谱中的峰值频率降低,且两者间具有较好的线性关系;油污对测试影响较小。     

磁力弹簧式压电共振型气泵的设计

利用压电振子的振动激励相连接的隔膜共振原理,提出了用磁力弹簧式压电共振型气泵来提高压电泵对气体的驱动能力.首先,分析磁力弹簧式共振泵的工作原理,建立了共振泵的动力学模型,计算得出了影响隔膜振幅的主要因素.接着,设计和制作了样机,使用阻抗分析仪和激光位移计分别测得系统的共振频率及压电振子的位移放大倍数.最后,设计了测量共振泵流量和输出压力的实验装置,得出了磁力弹簧轴向间距对输出流量和输出压力的影响.实验测试表明:当输入正弦电压为200 V,系统共振频率为134 Hz,磁力弹簧的轴向间距为9 mm时,压电振子的位移放大倍数约为4.3,其最佳输出流量为524 ml/min,最佳输出压力为9.2 kPa.结果显示,提出的磁力弹簧式压电共振型气泵提高了气体的输送能力.     

载荷影响下的机电阻抗协整结构损伤识别方法

高频机电阻抗(electromechanical impedance, 简称EMI)方法利用粘贴在结构表面的压电传感器(piezoelectric transducer, 简称PZT)进行主动激励,通过连续监测和分析PZT机电导纳信号的变化评估结构的健康状态;然而EMI方法容易受到环境工况变化的影响,导致结构损伤的误报。针对此问题,采用时间序列协整方法处理及消除结构工作载荷对阻抗谱特征信号的影响。该方法是基于结构动荷载作用下PZT阻抗谱导纳信号的非平稳特征,将动荷载影响下的阻抗谱非平稳时间序列经线性组合变换成平稳时间序列,根据得到的协整余量序列有效判断结构的健康状态。为验证该方法的有效性,开展了动应力影响下铝梁结构的螺栓松动损伤识别实验。结果表明,协整消除了动态应力对EMI方法的影响,当铝梁内存在持续变化的应力时,仍可以准确识别螺栓松动。机电阻抗协整方法能够消除结构健康监测中荷载作用的影响,及时准确地进行结构损伤识别。     

阶梯圆柱形压电振子直线型超声电机

针对现有直线型超声电机推力较小、效率不高的普遍现状,提出利用阶梯圆柱形压电振子驱动的直线型超声电机.其压电振子包含两组压电陶瓷单元,经逆压电效应激发阶梯形圆柱压电振子在两个正交方向上分别产生5阶弯曲振动,使振子两个圆盘形结构的表面质点形成椭圆运动,经摩擦作用于固定导轨,使振子组件沿导轨产生直线运动,进而构成直线型超声电机.采用有限元仿真方法确定结构尺寸,制作原理样机并进行了相关试验.原理样机获得如下性能:最大输出力为16.2 N;最大速度为180 mm/s;最大效率为38％;响应时间为24 ms;步进分辨率为2μm.     

一种仿生型无阀压电泵

针对传统的容积型流阻差式无阀压电泵具有吸入周期和排出周期,存在着流动脉动大、流量小的问题,提出一种新型的鱼鳍摆动式无阀压电泵。模仿在鱼类中巡游速度最快的金枪鱼的鱼体结构,设计了压电双晶片结构的压电振子,并将其尾鳍设计成柔性叶片状。分析了压电双晶片结构悬臂梁的受力变形、模态振型在机电转换效率方面的关系。研制了泵的样机并测量了激励电压在100 V时泵的流量。实验结果表明:振子工作在1阶振型时,泵水效应不明显;振子工作在2阶振型时,谐振频率为740 Hz,泵的流量为266 mL/min;振子工作在3阶振型时,谐振频率为1 280 Hz,泵的流量为105 mL/min。     

Time-domain analysis of piezoelectric impedance-based structural health monitoring using multilevel wavelet decomposition

A new approach to analyze the response from a piezoelectric wafer in an impedance-based structural health monitoring (SHM) method is proposed. It is shown that the time-domain response of a piezoceramic wafer provides information on the electromechanical impedance (EMI) variation when a monitored structure is damaged. Practical analysis was carried out using wavelet transform in two different levels. This approach simplifies EMI based SHM and the results show that it is more sensitive to damage than methods based on impedance measurements in the frequency domain. The efficiency of this new approach is demonstrated through experiments using an aluminum plate. The piezoelectric wafer was excited using a chirp signal and its response was analyzed using both frequency response functions (FRF) and the proposed method. The results confirm that this new approach is more sensitive to detect damage than FRF based methods.     

Determining the Depth of Occurrence of Defects in Multilayer PCM Structures by Acoustic Methods Based on the Mechanical Impedance Value

Dedicated low-frequency acoustic-testing methods are widely used to detect flaws in three-, five-, and seven-layer structures with a honeycomb core made of polymer composite materials (PCM), with the impedance technique being the main one. However, this technique allows one to establish only the mere fact of the presence of a flaw but not the depth of its occurrence. To obtain information on the depth of occurrence, it is necessary to numerically measure the mechanical impedance on the surface. The complete impedance-transducer frame system has been simulated by the electromechanical analogy method in order to establish the relationship (and derive respective dependences) between the external load applied to the sensor, expressed as the total mechanical impedance on the article surface, and the change in the values of measured electrical parameters on sensor’s piezoelectric elements. Relevant dependences have been derived for the transmission factor, which is the modulus of the ratio of voltages across receiving and emitting piezoelectric elements, and for the phase shift between these voltages. By combining these dependences, hodographs have been produced that represent the graphs of the dependences in the amplitude-phase plane, similar to how information is displayed in state-of-the-art impedance flaw detectors. The dynamic contact compliance (significantly affecting the efficiency of impedance testing technique) of a dry point contact between materials of the outer PCM layers and widely distributed and commercially available impedance sensors (for example, PADI-8) has been determined. Model hodographs constructed with allowance for contact compliance were used to run an experiment on revealing delamination and starved-joint flaws at various depths in a seven-layer honeycomb structure of an aircraft engine nacelle. It has been confirmed that the depths of defects are effectively discriminated both by the magnitude of mechanical impedances and by the characteristic indication from cell walls on the C-scan over the entire article surface.     

Modeling of EMI response of damaged Mindlin–Herrmann rod

To ensure high sensitivity to incipient damages, electromechanical impedance (EMI) is measured at high frequencies for damage detection. In the working high-frequency range, very high vibration modes, of the order of the thousandth mode or higher, of a structural member are likely to be activated. This imposes a great difficulty on the accurate modeling of EMI response of a structure. In this paper, the reverberation matrix method (RMM) is adopted to study the dynamics of a Mindlin–Herrmann rod with surface piezoelectric patches. The rod is inhomogeneous along the axial direction so that damage-induced reduction of cross-section or Young's modulus could be easily incorporated in the model. A piecewise-homogeneous rod model is subsequently introduced to approximate the inhomogeneous rod, along with a shear lag model of interfacial bonding between the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches and the host rod. An analytical expression for the electric impedance (or admittance) of the coupled model of PZT patch-bonding layer-host rod system is derived. Comparison with other established results is presented. Parametric investigations are also performed to show the dynamic properties of the coupled smart structural system. The analysis in this paper provides necessary theoretical basis for damage detection of rod via the EMI signatures.     

Mechanical impedance-based technique for steel structural corrosion damage detection

The electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique has gained acceptance for structural health monitoring, due to its merits of model-free, high frequency detection and fast response features. This paper presents an innovative mechanical impedance-based technique to monitor the development of corrosion damage on steel structure, which is different from the traditional admittance (inverse of impedance)-based EMI technique. Firstly, structural mechanical impedance (SMI) which directly manifests the structural properties is theoretically deprived. Secondly, by measuring the raw admittance signature, the sensitivity of SMI is investigated in the experiment of steel structural corrosion damage conducted within 117 days. Finally, the corrosion damage quantification is also discussed by calculating the root mean square deviation (RMSD) index. The results indicate that structural mechanical impedance is sensitive to corrosion damage but the detecting range is limited. The real part of SMI can be adopted for an effective indicator of steel structural corrosion damage. The proposed technique is found to be effective in steel structural corrosion damage detection.     

空间柔性结构振动控制用压电主动构件模型与实验研究

利用压电陶瓷的逆压电效应，研制了一种空间柔性结构振动主动控制用的新型压电智能主动构件，该构件具有重量轻、输出位移大、驱动电压低、稳定性高等优点。分析了压电主动构件建模方法中存在的问题，提出了一种修正的机电耦舍导纳模型，通过数值仿真验证了该模型的正确性。结合所研制的主动构件，对主动构件的动静态特性进行了实验研究与分析，揭示了压电主动构件用于空间柔性结构振动主动控制的优良性能。     

Note: Self-sensing based on charge control improves the performance of active damping using piezoelements

A piezoelectric element can be used separately as a sensor or an actuator. A self-sensing strategy based on a charge driver can utilize a piezoelectric element as a sensor while actuating. The strategy was proven via experiments on a cantilever vibrator using a piezoelectric plate with both sensing and actuating functions. The amplitude of the vibration was actively damped by a factor exceeding 90%. The method can be used in numerous fields, including scanning probe microscopy, vibration suppression, and monitoring the health of structures.     

Research on the valveless piezoelectric pump with Y-shape pipes

A piezoelectric pump with its Y-shape elements is presented. Two Y-shape pipes are fixed outside the chamber serving as an inlet and outlet, with the chamber and a piezoelectric vibrator being the actor. The pump has the potential to be miniaturized and integrated. Eddies occurring in the Y-shape elements are smaller, which is beneficial for the transport of living cells or long-link macromolecules. In this paper, the structure of the pump is first presented. Then, the equations on the change in volume and the mean pressure in the chamber are established, as well as the relation between the flow rate and the working frequency of the piezoelectric vibrator. Moreover, the relation between the mean pressure in the chamber and the working frequency of the piezoelectric vibrator is established. Finally, experiments are carried out to test the characteristics of the pump and to verify the correction of the theory on this pump.     

压电阻抗技术用于螺栓松紧健康诊断

实验研究了利用压电片进行结构微小损伤的健康诊断,以螺栓松动为例,在螺栓附近粘贴压电片,对压电片实施激励,实验分析螺栓松动情况下压电片的特性变化。结果表明,螺栓松动引起的微小损伤,在低频电压激励下引起压电片导率变化不显著,但是在高频下（大于50kHz),不同的作用频率范围下,压电片导率都有明显改变,因此,高频作用下压电片导率的变化可以作为结构健康诊断的一个标尺。     

热超声键合换能系统阻抗/导纳模型

采用等效电路方法建立换能系统的阻抗/导纳集总参数模型,包含各子部分的材料特性、尺寸、系统损耗因子、谐振频率、激励电信号以及不同负载下系统阻抗和导纳等动力学特性。以无键合工具与有键合工具两种不同负载为例计算得到,在100 kHz范围内系统包含4阶轴向谐振频率;相比于无键合工具条件,有键合工具负载条件下的各阶谐振频率增大,其电阻值增大,电导值降低。阻抗分析仪试验与有限元分析结果均验证系统阻抗/导纳模型的正确性。     

基于面内复合模态的直线超声电机振子有限元分析

提出了一种新型的矩形压电复合板直线超声电机,它除了具有直线超声电机的共同特点之外,还具有自身的薄、小、轻、驱动力大等突出特点,可直接用于计算机硬盘磁头驱动等外设装置。该矩形压电复合板直线超声电机利用矩形压电复合振子平面内的两种弯、弯振动模态合成。在一定预紧力作用下,矩形板的两侧边将产生驱动力使动子移动。本文通过ANSYS有限元分析软件对矩形压电复合振子进行了详尽的模态分析,分析讨论了结构参数及弹性体材料对于矩形压电复合层板模态的影响,为利用面内复合模态的矩形压电复合板直线超声电机的设计奠定了基础。     

基于阻抗技术的压电元件自损伤检测-

为了保证结构健康监测系统的有效运行,基于压电阻抗技术原理,提出了一种压电传感、驱动元件自损伤检测方法.通过研究压电元件等效电容值(压电元件导纳虚部数值)的变化,判别压电元件是否破损及其与主体结构之间是否剥离,并在悬臂梁结构上进行压电元件自损伤检测试验.结果表明,相比压电元件完好的情况,各频率下压电元件电纳值随脱粘部分面积的增加而上升,随破裂部分面积的增加而下降,并且损伤程度和等效电容变化量成比例关系,与理论分析结果吻合较好.     

双晶悬臂梁压电发电装置发电能力的仿真

针对双晶片悬臂梁式压电振子的理论模型,分析了压电振子的结构参数对压电发电装置发电能力的影响。运用ANSYS有限元软件建立了压电振子的压电耦合模型,研究了压电振子的配重质量、悬臂梁长度和金属基板厚度等结构参数对压电振子的固有频率以及压电发电装置发电量的影响规律。为了验证有限元模型的正确性,对典型结构参数压电悬臂梁的一阶固有频率和发电电压进行了实验测量。仿真结果表明,增加悬臂梁的配置质量和长度、减小悬臂梁基板的厚度都可以降低结构的固有频率,选择恰当的结构参数匹配可以使发电装置的固有频率接近外界的激振频率,从而实现最佳的发电性能。     

非对称分叉流管无阀压电泵的设计及试验

具有微混合功能的多级Y型流管无阀压电泵存在着输出流量与振子带载能力不平衡的问题。为此,提出了一种非对称分叉流管无阀压电泵。首先,理论分析了该无阀压电泵输出流量与流管流阻间的关系;其次,利用有限元软件数值计算了多级Y型流管的流阻特性;最后,采用光固化快速成型技术加工了样机,并进行了泵特性试验和振子振动测试。试验结果表明：在峰峰值200 V正弦波交流电驱动下,该压电泵的流量、扬程和压电振子的振幅都随驱动频率增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当驱动频率为31 Hz时,最大流量为4 g/min;驱动频率为38 Hz时,最大扬程为40.5 mmH2O。在试验施加电压范围内,该泵的输出性能与驱动电压呈正相关性。本研究验证了非对称流道树型无阀压电泵的可行性,为非对称无阀压电泵在微流道滴灌和微混合等领域的应用提供了参考。     

三棱柱阻流体无阀压电泵的设计与试验

以三棱柱阻流体为无移动部件阀,结合3D打印技术的快速一体成型特点,设计并制作了以压电振子为动力源的三棱柱阻流体无阀压电泵。分析了该无阀压电泵的工作原理、理论流量和振子振动特性,推导出了它的的流量表达式。利用有限元法对三棱柱阻流体的流阻特性进行了仿真模拟,由其内部压强分布及进出口流速情况,定性分析了三棱柱阻流体的正反向流阻大小。最后,使用3D打印机制作了该无阀泵的试验样机,并进行了流阻和流量测量试验。试验结果表明:三棱柱阻流体具有正反向绕流流阻不等的特性,当驱动电压为550V,驱动频率为8 Hz时,该压电泵的输出流量达到最大,为29.8mL/min。结果证明了该三棱柱阻流体无阀压电泵具有良好的输送流体的能力。     

刀具负载对蜂窝复合材料超声切割声学系统阻抗特性的影响

针对刀具负载对蜂窝复合材料超声切割声学系统的影响,利用四端网络法,将压电换能器与变幅杆结合在一起,提出了声学系统的整体设计方程,得出了负载与声学系统阻抗特性的关系式。利用有限元软件对声学系统进行模态分析及谐响应分析,并利用阻抗分析仪和激光位移传感器对声学系统的阻抗﹑谐振频率和输出振幅进行检测。仿真和实验结果表明：随着刀具负载的增大,声学系统的阻抗值增大,谐振频率减小,但仿真与实验得出的输出振幅与理论分析不同,这是由于刀具的放大作用造成的。研究结果对声学系统的设计及实际应用有指导意义。