Ultraviolet Index and Location are Important Determinants of Vitamin D Status in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
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| Authors: | Karen M Klassen Christopher K Fairley Michael G Kimlin Mark Kelly Tim RH Read Jennifer Broom Darren B Russell Peter R Ebeling |
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| Affiliation: | 1. North West Academic Centre, University of Melbourne, Western Health, St Albans, Vic., Australia;2. Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia;3. Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia;4. AusSun Research Lab, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia;5. Brisbane Sexual Health Centre, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Qld, Australia;6. The University of Queensland, Sunshine Coast Clinical School, Nambour General Hospital, Nambour, Qld, Australia;7. Cairns Sexual Health Centre, Queensland Health, Cairns, Qld, Australia;8. Sexual Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia |
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| Abstract: | This study aimed to document the vitamin D status of HIV‐infected individuals across a wide latitude range in one country and to examine associated risk factors for low vitamin D. Using data from patients attending four HIV specialist clinics across a wide latitude range in Australia, we constructed logistic regression models to investigate risk factors associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L?1. 1788 patients were included; 87% were male, 76% Caucasian and 72% on antiretroviral therapy. The proportion with 25(OH)D < 50 nmol L?1 was 27%, and <75 nmol L?1 was 54%. Living in Melbourne compared with Cairns (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.30; 95% CI 2.18, 4.99, P < 0.001) and non‐Caucasian origin (aOR 2.82, 95% CI 2.12, 3.75, P < 0.001) was associated with an increased risk, while extreme UV index compared with low UV index was associated with a reduced risk (aOR 0.33; 95% CI 0.20, 0.55, P < 0.001) of 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L?1. In those with biochemistry available (n = 1117), antiretroviral therapy was associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L?1; however, this association was modified by serum cholesterol status. Location and UV index were the strongest factors associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L?1. Cholesterol, the product of an alternative steroid pathway with a common precursor steroid, modified the effect of antiretroviral therapy on serum 25(OH)D. |
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