西北地区气候暖干化对作物气候生态适应性的影响

在综述西北地区现代气候变化基本特征是暖干化的基础上,重点揭示了冬小麦、春小麦(夏粮)、玉米、马铃薯、谷子、糜子(秋粮)和棉花、胡麻、冬油菜、酿酒葡萄(经济作物)等10种主要作物的热量指标、水分指标和生长发育状况等对现代气候暖干化的响应特征。气候变暖对作物热量生态适应性的影响非常显著,作物需要热量指标比变暖前有提高的趋势;气候变干对作物水分生态适应性的影响非常敏感,作物需要水分指标比变干前有增多的趋势。气候暖干化对作物气候生态适应性的影响总体来说是利弊并重。对灌溉区作物是利多弊少,建议要创建干旱区现代农业发展模式来应对;对旱作区作物是弊远大于利,建议要建立一整套旱作农业生产机制来适应气候暖干化。提出了作物气候生态适宜度是气候暖干化对作物产生重大影响的重要原因。

Influence of Climate Warming and Drying on Crop Eco-climate Adaptability in Northwestern China

Responding to climate warming and drying in northwestern China, the heat index, water index, and growth index of some summer crops (winter and spring wheat), autumn crops (corn, potato, millet and prosomillet) and economic crops (cotton, flax, rape, and wine grape) all show changes more or less. The influence of climate warming on crop heat eco-adaptability is significant, and the heat index for current crops displays an increase of 100~200 ℃ compared with that in 1980s. The crop water eco-adaptability also had an obvionus sensitivity to the climate drying and warming, showing an increase of 50~80 mm in comparison to that in 1980s. Generally, there are both positive and negative impacts on crop eco-adaptability, namely positive effects on irrigated crops and negative effects on rainfed crops. It is necessary to adapt a modern agricultural development mechanism for irrigated crops and to establish a system adaptable to arid climate changes for rainfed crops.