集聚型农业村落文化景观的演化过程与机理——以山东曲阜峪口村为例

随着新农村建设的推进,农业型村落的建设将会成为今后的要点和难点。而集聚型农业村落乡村文化景观的代表性、典型性和示范性,使其文化景观演化研究对新农村建设具有重要参考意义。本文以山东曲阜峪口村为例,通过实地调查和入户访谈,对这一问题进行实证研究。研究发现,改革开放30年来集聚型农业村落文化景观的演化大致经历了三个阶段。其中,聚落空间演变经历了机械型外向扩展、蔓延型外向扩展与空心化、内部重填与再集聚三个阶段;民居景观演变经历了传统四合院、平顶化和立体发展三个阶段;土地利用经历了圈层化、细碎化与集约利用、集中化与粗放利用三个阶段。其演化是城乡关系、国家经济发展与现代化进程、计划生育与农地制度、国家政策等驱动因子影响下产生的乡村人口、社会、经济和文化变化所导致的。未来,聚落空间的再集聚,民居景观的现代化、生态化和特色化并重,土地利用景观的规模化、集约化和可持续发展将会成为集聚型农业村落的发展趋势。

Cultural landscape evolution of cluster agricultural village: The case of Yukou village in Shandong province

In the advancing process of New Countryside Construction, agricultural villages will become the cruces and nodus. Owing to the representative and demonstration of its rural cultural landscape, cluster agricultural villages deserve to be studied. Taking a case study of Yukou Village, Shangdong Province, this paper discovers that the cultural landscape of cluster agricultural village has approximately changed over three stages since the reform and opening-up. Its settlement evolution has gone through three stages-mechanical expansion, sprawling expansion &; hollowizing, and refilling &; recentralization. The landscape evolution of its folk house has undergone three phases-traditional quadrangle, one-storied flattop and multistoried building. The landscape evolution of its land use has experienced three stages-circled stratification, fragment &; intensive cultivation, and concentration together with extensive cultivation. The short-term cultural landscape evolution of cluster agricultural village is primarily influenced by human factors. The macro-scoped factors include urban-rural relation, national economic development and modernization, system of family planning and farmland usufruct, and governmental policies. Concretely, the evolution of rural settlement is affected by demographic characteristics, planning, management, economic and social development, cultural ideas, and agricultural structure. The production ways of agriculture and the natural environment are the basic factors affecting the evolution of folk house. However the influences of household income (especially non-farming income) and demand, socio-cultural idea and mind, and architectural technology increased gradually with the economic and social development. Agricultural land use is restricted by natural factors. The short-term driving factors of its evolution include the distance to village, the construction of production facilities, the land system, and the profit changes of different land-use types. In the future, the recentralization of settlements will become the trend; the folk house will show a harmonious development including modernization, ecological trend, and individualization; scaled, intensive, and sustainable land use are likely to be the trend.