跨国零售企业在华区位研究——以沃尔玛和家乐福为例

与制造业外资高度集聚在沿海地区不同，服务业外资则沿着中国城市体系布局，消费者外资服务业在渗透大城市市场的同时，以等级式扩散方式向内陆地区城市扩张，以蔓延式扩散方式在都市圈内扩张。本文以沃尔玛和家乐福为例，研究跨国零售企业在中国的空间扩张。截止到2009年，沃尔玛超市已经渗透到许多中等城市，主要以等级式扩散方式进行空间扩张。家乐福超市则主要集中在珠三角、长三角和京津冀都市圈，在各都市圈内部蔓延式扩张。二项式逻辑模型分析表明，家乐福更重视本地化零售业市场规模与潜力，偏好零售业开放时间较长的城市，同时也关注竞争对手沃尔玛新开门店的城市选择。沃尔玛则重视利用零售业集聚经济和规模经济以及家乐福门店城市选择策略，但不在意本地零售业市场规模及其开放政策制度的影响。综合其空间扩散模式、物流配送以及区位选择行为，本文认为两个企业在中国采取了全球化与本土化兼顾的战略，从而得以在中国实现快速扩张。

Foreign Retailers in China:The Case of Wal-Mart and Carrefour

As global foreign direct investment （FDI）shifted into services,FDI in China has also undergone structural transformations and services gain more shares in aggregate realized FDI. Unlike manufacturing FDI highly agglomerated in the coastal region,market oriented service FDI has followed China＇s urban hierarchy and even has diffused into the inland cities. Taking Wal-mart and Carrefour as examples,this study investigated the spatial patterns and determinants of foreign retailers in China. By the end of 2009,Wal-mart supermarkets have been distributed from large cities to medium cities and even to small cities while Carrefour still stresses the importance of Megacity re-gions,including the Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta and the Capital Region,and diffused tO the neighboring medium cities. Statistically,Carrefour has preferred cities with larger population and higher average salary and those opened earlier to foreign retailers. Wal-mart however highly valued the retailing externalities and scale economies at the firm level while ignored the local market size and the gradual open door policy. Interestingly,the two retailing giants also followed each other in locating their superstores. Considering their locational behaviors and logistic systems,Wal-mart and Car-refour have pursued the strategy of globalization and localization in China, facilitating their quick spatial diffusion.