西藏雪崩灾害及其应对措施研究

西藏是我国雪崩灾害多发和频发区，几乎每年都有雪崩致人伤亡的报道，而且在全球气候变暖背景下，雪崩灾害有逐年增加的趋势。念青唐古拉山及其东延部分和喜马拉雅山脉南坡是西藏雪崩发生频次最高的两个区域，高原内陆降水少，雪崩发育受到抑制，仅在高寒积雪山区和冰川作用区才有常年雪崩存在。西藏常年雪崩易发区面积非常有限，仅占高原总面积的1.6%。西藏雪崩主要发生在冬春两季，冬季雪崩易发区占全区面积的2.9%，春季上升至3.3%。雪崩是西藏高寒山区道路安全威胁最大的自然灾害之一，其中对川藏公路安久拉山至古乡段和中尼公路拉龙拉山至友谊桥段影响最大。由于灾害防治工程技术的发展及其在关键区域的应用，雪崩对道路交通安全的威胁大为降低。然而，以登山和休闲旅游为主的人类活动在高寒冰雪带的开展日益活跃，雪崩灾害造成的人员伤亡和经济损失呈逐年递增趋势。因此，除了对川藏公路和铁路段等关键区域继续加强工程防治之外，在重点区域雪崩灾害详查和区划的基础上，提升监测预警和预报服务水平是西藏今后雪崩防灾减灾工作的重点。 

Study on Avalanche Hazards and Response Measures in Tibet Area

Snow avalanche is one of frequently occurred naureal hazards in Tibet area and there are reports about fatalities cauced by snow avalanche almost every year and this trend is increasing under global climate warming. There are two regions with the highest frequency of snow avalanches in Tibet. One is Nyainqentanglha mountains and its southeastern extension and another is the southern slope of the Himalayas. The development of snow avalanche is restrained due to less precipitation and it only exists in alpine snow-covered mountains and glaciation area in the plateau interior of Tibet. The area of perennial avalanche prone region in Tibet is very limited, accounting for only 1.6% of the total area of the plateau. Snow avalanche in Tibet mainly occurs in winter and spring. Avalanche prone areas in winter account for 2.9% of the total area of Tibet, and this rate increases to 3.3% in spring. Snow avalanche is one of the most dangerous natural hazards to the road safety in Tibet, in which Anjula-Guxiang section of Sichuan-Tibet highway in the eastern Tibet and Lalongla-Friendship Bridge section of Sino-Nepal highway in the southern Himalyans are two roads that most severely impaced by snow avalanche. Due to technology advancing of hazard prevention and control engineering and its implementation in key road sections in moutanous Tibet, the threat from snow avalanche to road traffic safety has been greatly reduced over last 20 years. However, with the increase of human activities such as mountaineering and leisure tourism in alpine snow-covered mountains, the casualties and economic losses caused by snow avalanche hazard are increasing year by year. Therefore, in addition to the continuous implementation of engineering prevention and control measures in key regions such as Sichuan-Tibet highway and railway sections, enhancing the service level of monitoring, early warning and forecasting is an important way to prevent and mitigage snow avalanche hazards in Tibet based on detailed investigation and division of avalanche hazard in key snow avalanche impacted areas.