Mapping and modelling trade-offs and synergies between grazing intensity and ecosystem services in rangelands using global-scale datasets and models |
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| Affiliation: | 1. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 303, 3720 AH Bilthoven, The Netherlands;2. Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. European Commission, DG JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra 21027, Italy;5. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystems Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria;1. Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia;2. USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, MSC 3 JER, NMSU, Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA;3. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia;4. Scientific Services Division, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Gunnedah, 2380 NSW, Australia;5. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 203 Tor St, Wilsonton, Qld 4350, Australia;1. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China;1. Joint Innovation Center for Modern Forestry Studies, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R.China;2. School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R.China;3. College of Prataculture Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R.China;4. Institute of Agro-resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R.China;5. Institute of Geography, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany;6. Department of Bioclimatology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany;7. College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R.China;1. University of Queensland, Australia;2. University of Oxford, United Kingdom;3. CCAFS - ILRI, Kenya;4. CSIRO, Australia;1. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, SA, 5062, Australia;3. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;4. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), P.O. Box 260129, 53153 Bonn, Germany;5. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa;6. School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 27 Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa;7. School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia;8. Department of Agricultural Engineering and Land Planning, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3003, Morogoro, Tanzania;9. Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China;2. CGCEO/Geography, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA;3. Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia;4. College of Science Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China;5. Xilinhot National Climate Observatory, Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, 026000, China |
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| Abstract: | Vast areas of rangelands across the world are grazed with increasing intensity, but interactions between livestock production, biodiversity and other ecosystem services are poorly studied. This study explicitly determines trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and livestock grazing intensity on rangelands. Grazing intensity and its effects on forage utilization by livestock, carbon sequestration, erosion prevention and biodiversity are quantified and mapped, using global datasets and models. Results show that on average 4% of the biomass produced annually is consumed by livestock. On average, erosion prevention is 10% lower in areas with a high grazing intensity compared to areas with a low grazing intensity, whereas carbon emissions are more than four times higher under high grazing intensity compared to low grazing intensity. Rangelands with the highest grazing intensity are located in the Sahel, Pakistan, West India, Middle East, North Africa and parts of Brazil. These high grazing intensities result in carbon emissions, low biodiversity values, low capacity for erosion prevention and unsustainable forage utilization. Although the applied models simplify the processes of ecosystem service supply, our study provides a global overview of the consequences of grazing for biodiversity and ecosystem services. The expected increasing future demand for livestock products likely increase pressures on rangelands. Global-scale models can help to identify targets and target areas for international policies aiming at sustainable future use of these rangelands. |
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| Keywords: | Biodiversity Net primary production Carbon sequestration Erosion prevention Rangeland Livestock production |
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