从“国家意志”到“地方行动”:先秦射礼社会治理模式探析

以社会控制理论的方法探析先秦射礼的社会治理行为,认为:基于权威关系、核心利益以及情感号召基础上的强制、交换、动员等社会控制要素,在从大射仪到乡射礼的社会治理路径上存在着不同的分配与行使机制。"君与"的大射仪通过意识形态的施压、推行"知识体系"和树立"模范"标杆为强制手段,以"身份"和"资本"交换贵族的"中"与"忠",结合内在动机的激励式动员,达成了表彰"国家意志"的准集权式强制型治理形态;而"君不与"后的乡射礼则是立足政策规范,以"兴贤能"的号召、塑造"社会背景"以及引导自我操控等动员形式为举措,辅之以"禄仕"和"射义"作为民众"道德"与"君子"的回馈而实现的体现"地方行动"的分权式动员型治理风格。从"国家意志"到"地方行动",先秦射礼践行了一种准集权式的强制型与分权式的动员型治理共生共存的社会治理模式。

From “National Will” to “Local Action”: An Analysis of Social Governance Model of Archery Rites in the Pre-Qin Period

Based on the social control theory,this paper probes into the social governance behavior of archery rites in the pre-Qin period.It holds that there are different distributions and exercise mechanisms of social control elements such as coercion,exchange and mobilization based on authority relationship,core interests and emotional appeal in the path of social governance from major archery rites to township archery ceremony.By means of ideological pressure,implementation of knowledge system and model benchmark,and by exchanging "identity" and "capital" for "hitting" and "loyalty" of aristocrats,combined with incentive mobilization of intrinsic motivation,major archery ritual of "monarch participation" has achieved a quasi-centralized and compulsory governance in recognition of "national will".However,the township archery rites after "non-monarch participation" are based on the policy norms,taking the mobilization forms of "rejuvenating virtue and ability",shaping "social background" and guiding self-control as measures,supplemented by "career reward" and "archery ritual" as the feedback of "morality" and "gentleman" to realize the decentralized and mobilized governance style of "local action".From "national will" to "local action",the archery rites of pre-Qin period practiced a quasi-centralized coexistence of compulsory governance and decentralized mobilization governance.