国际体育组织忠诚条款的合法性:基于欧盟竞争法的考察

欧盟委员会于2017 年12 月裁定国际滑冰联合会规则违反欧盟竞争法，导致对国际体育组织规则中常见的忠诚条款开始重新审查。欧盟法可以适用于体育领域的经济活动，欧盟委员会和各成员国国内竞争主管部门处理了一些有关忠诚条款的体育争端，但大多数以体育组织修改相关规则、当事人达成和解以及欧盟委员会结束调查的形式结案。此类忠诚条款对体育运动治理的"金字塔"式结构产生了重要影响，其是否违反欧盟竞争法需要具体问题具体分析，但国际滑联案裁决无疑会进一步推动体育运动的商业化并加强对运动员等弱势群体权益的保障。

Legality of Loyalty Clauses in International Sports Regulations: From Perspective of European Competition Law

The decision made by European Commission in December 2017 ruled that the eligibility rules made by International Skating Union (ISU) violated EC competition law, leading to the re-examination of the loyalty clauses common in most international sports organizational regulations. EU Law can be applied to sports activities that have economic effects. EC Commission and national competition authorities have dealt with many sports disputes, but the final resolution were mostly the amendment of sports rules and settlements by the parties. The influence of ISU case is that it will have great effect on the pyramid structure of international sports governance, and will benefit the athletes in the long run, although whether such loyalty clause are in conflict with EC competition law should be dealt according to the specific case.