求新与端本:清末师范学堂体育教学体系的镜像透视与主线考析(1897—1911年)

清末师范学堂是我国教育史上出现的最早的教师专门培养机构,其体育课程与教学已经形成了比较完备的结构和体系。运用文献资料法、历史分析法、逻辑推理法等研究方法,从认知求新和教学端本的视角,对清末师范学堂的体育教学定位、体育教学内容、体育课程修习要求、体育教学评价及其特征等方面进行了考证与分析,力图展示清末师范学堂体育教学体系透视出的镜像与主线。研究认为,清末师范学堂的体育教学是近代师范体育教学的开端,也是我国高等体育师范教育的前身和起始;清末师范学堂体育教学目标较为明确,教学内容已初步成型,教学过程趋于寻求完善,教学评价呈现多元化方式,体育课程作为必修科目贯穿于学生的整个学程。体育教学与当时特定的历史环境和社会诉求密切联系,具有浓厚的政治色彩。师范学堂体育教学内容突破了兵式体操的束缚,健康与卫生保健知识开始出现在师范学堂体育教学内容中,通过修建专门的体育场地和增添体育器材的种类,保证了师范学堂体育教学内容的多样性。师范学堂体育课程修习时限与学生在校学习时间一致,注重从道德教育的视角评判体育教学,体育实习成绩成为学生毕业成绩评定的重要组成部分,开始注重体育教学的社会功能,奠定了中国高等体育师范教育的基础,加快了近代体育高师专业化发展进程。

Innovation and Conservation: History and Main Line of P.E. System in Normal Schools in Late Qing Dynasty (1897-1911)

The normal schools in the late Qing Dynasty were the earliest specialized training institutions for teachers in the educational history of China,whose P.E.curriculum and teaching had formed a relatively complete structure and system.From the perspective of cognitive innovation and teaching,through literature study,historical analysis and logical reasoning,this paper probed into orientation,contents,physical education curriculum,evaluation and characteristics of P.E.in normal schools in the late Qing Dynasty,and tried to reveal the history and main line of P.E.in normal schools in the late Qing Dynasty,which proved not only to be the beginning of modern normal P.E.,but also the predecessor and beginning of P.E.in higher education in China.It had clear objectives,rich teaching contents and perfect teaching process.Teaching evaluation was diversified.P.E.ran through the whole academic years of the students as a compulsory subject.P.E.was closely related to the specific historical environment and social demands at that time,and had a strong political color.The teaching content broke through the shackles of military gymnastics,and the knowledge of health and health care began to appear in the teaching content.Building special sports venues and adding sports equipments ensured the diversity of P.E.content.The time limit of the P.E.courses was consistent with the academic years.Attentions were paid to the evaluation of P.E.from the perspective of moral education.The results of teaching practice were an important part of the evaluation of the students’ graduation performance.Attentions were also paid to the social functions of P.E.,which had laid the foundation of P.E.in higher education in China and accelerated the professional development of modern P.E.