美国EPA吸入风险模型在木质家具制造企业职业健康风险评估中的应用

目的]评估木质家具制造企业职业健康风险。方法]根据木质家具制造企业职业病危害因素种类和接触方式,于2013年采用美国环境保护署吸入风险评估技术中的癌症类和非癌症类风险评估模型对宁波市4家木质家具制造企业工人的职业健康风险进行评估。结果]所有被评估企业的备料岗位吸入甲醛的癌症风险值（Risk值）为（0.69~4.15）×10^-5,均有鳞状细胞癌风险;喷漆岗位吸入苯的Risk值为（5.85~34.55）×10^-6,非癌症危害商数（HQ值）为1.98~3.96,均有淋巴细胞计数变化和白血病风险;吸入甲苯和二甲苯的HQ值分别为0.29~3.70和4.27~45.14,均有运动神经协调作用损伤风险,部分企业该岗位还有神经系统影响风险;晾漆岗位吸入苯的最低Risk值为（0.48~1.72）×10^-6,HQ值为0.59~1.19,均有致白血病风险,部分企业该岗位还有淋巴细胞计数变化风险;吸入甲苯和二甲苯的HQ值分别为0.06~0.51和2.26~5.58,均有运动神经协调作用损伤风险。无法得到相应岗位工人吸入木粉尘、乙酸乙酯及接触噪声所致的职业健康风险结果。结论]被评估的木质家具制造企业有癌症和非癌症类职业健康风险,应采取无毒或低毒材料替代、工艺改进、加强防护和职业卫生管理等措施降低职业健康风险。

Application of U.S. EPA Inhalation Risk Model to Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Wooden Furniture Manufacturing Factories

Objective] To assess occupational health risk of wood furniture manufacturing factories.Methods] According to registered occupational hazards and exposure modes of wooden furniture manufacturing factories, cancer and non-cancer inhalation risk assessment models proposed by U.S.Environmental Protection Agency（USEPA） were used to evaluate the occupational health risk in workers from four wooden furniture manufacturing factories in Ningbo City.Results] The formaldehyde inhalation risk values of the workers at stock preparation workstation of all factories were（0.69-4.15）×10^-5, indicating the risk of squamous cell carcinoma; the benzene inhalation risk values of the workers at painting workstation were（5.85-34.55）×10^-6, the related hazard quotient（HQ） values were 1.98-3.96, and the workers were imposed to the risk of lymphocyte count change and leukemia; the HQ values of toluene and xylene inhalation were 0.29-3.70 and 4.27-45.14 respectively, both indicating the risk of motor nerve coordination function injury and even the risk of nervous system damage for some factories;the lowest risk values of benzene inhalation of the workers at drying workstation were（0.48-1.72）×10^-6, the related HQ values were 0.59-1.19, indicating the risk of leukemia and even the risk of lymphocyte count change for some factories; the HQ values of toluene and xylene inhalation were 0.06-0.51 and 2.26-5.58, and both indicated the risk of motor nerve coordination function injury.The occupational health risks of inhalation of wood dust and ethyl acetate and exposure to noise were not eligible to the selected USEPA models.Conclusion] The workers of the wooden furniture manufacturing factories are imposed to both cancer and non-cancer occupational health risks.Preventive measures such as using non-toxic or low toxic materials, improving production process, strengthening protection and management are recommended to reduce occupational health risks.