Cancer Stem Cells and Circulatory Tumor Cells Promote Breast Cancer Metastasis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India;2. Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, Rajasthan, India;3. Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL;1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA;2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH;3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ;4. Department of Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ;1. The University of Cambridge, The Old Schools, Cambridge, United Kingdom;2. Cambridge University Hospitals, Breast Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom;1. Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK;2. Department of Internal Medicine, Oklahoma State University Medical Center, Tulsa, OK;1. Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI;2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI;3. Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.;4. Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, WI;5. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Zilber School of Public Health, Milwaukee, WI;1. Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;2. Department of General Medical Oncology/Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven – Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium;3. Surgical Oncology/Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven – Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium;4. Department of Gynaecological Oncology/Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven – Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium;5. Department of Radiotherapy/Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven – Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium;6. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Breast cancer (BC) is a highly metastatic, pathological cancer that significantly affects women worldwide. The mortality rate of BC is related to its heterogeneity, aggressive phenotype, and metastasis. Recent studies have highlighted that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for the interplay between metastasis mediators in BC. BC stem cells, tumor-derived exosomes, circulatory tumor cells (CTCs), and signaling pathways dynamically remodel the TME and promote metastasis. This review examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that facilitate metastasis. This review also discusses the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs), tumor-derived exosomes, and CTs in promoting BC metastasis. Furthermore, the review emphasizes major signaling pathways that mediate metastasis in BC. Finally, the interplay among CSCs, exosomes, and CTCs in mediating metastasis have been highlighted. Therefore, understanding the molecular cues that mediate the association of CSCs, exosomes, and CTCs in TME helps to optimize systemic therapy to target metastatic BC. |
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