Low allelochemical concentrations detected in garlic mustard-invaded forest soils inhibit fungal growth and AMF spore germination |
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Authors: | Aaron Cantor Alison Hale Justin Aaron M Brian Traw and Susan Kalisz |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Biological Sciences, 4249 Fifth Avenue, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; |
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Abstract: | Garlic mustard’s (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) invasive success is attributed in part to its release of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) into the soil. AITC can
disrupt beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with native plant roots, which limits their soil resource
uptake. However, AITC and its precursor, sinigrin, have never been detected in garlic mustard-invaded forest soils. Here,
we use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to assess the concentration
and bioactivity of these putative allelochemicals in paired forest plots uninvaded or invaded by garlic mustard. Our methods
detected AITC and sinigrin only where garlic mustard was present and our recovery of AITC/sinigrin coincided with adult senescence.
A bioassay of in situ fungal hyphae abundance revealed significantly reduced hyphal abundance in the presence of garlic mustard
relative to uninvaded soils. Finally, the lowest concentration of AITC measured in the field (~0.001 mM) is highly inhibitory
to the spore germination of a forest AMF species, Glomus clarum. Together, our data provide the first direct evidence of garlic mustard-produced sinigrin and AITC in forest soils and demonstrate
that even low levels of these chemicals have the potential to significantly suppress AMF growth and spore germination, strengthening
their status as allelopathic novel weapons. |
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