金斑蝶觅食求偶过程中的视觉嗅觉利用

【目的】阐明金斑蝶Danaus chrysippus觅食求偶时视觉嗅觉信息利用机制。【方法】通过行为学观察，测试金斑蝶成虫对7种不同颜色的假花和假花喷施10%蜂蜜水后的觅食响应；通过自然种群求偶和塑封模型访问试验，验证金斑蝶对颜色和气味行为响应。【结果】在无气味的7种颜色的假花条件下，金斑蝶成虫访花总次数为138次，对长波长红色(620～750 nm)显示出明显的颜色趋性(占总访花次数的 52.17%)，访问蓝色(占总访花次数的15.22%)和橙色(占总访花次数的11.59%)次之，其他4种颜色假花较少访问；在假花上喷洒10%蜂蜜水后，金斑蝶成虫访花总次数增加3.05倍，雌雄蝶访花次数分别增加3.31和2.86倍；去花冠无气味的花枝几乎没有蝴蝶访问，然而在去花冠无气味的假花花枝上喷洒10%蜂蜜水后，金斑蝶成虫访花总次数增加146次，对单一颜色的访问次数与对单一气味的访问次数相比无显著差异，金斑蝶成虫对气味加颜色的访问总次数较对单一气味的访问总次数增加2.88倍，雌雄蝶访花次数分别增加2.95和2.83倍；金斑蝶雄蝶对颜色和气味的敏感性高于雌蝶。在求偶过程中，金斑蝶对自然种群与蝶翅模型都有雄追雄、雄追雌、雌追雌和雌追雄4种模式，但金斑蝶对无气味蝶翅模型的追逐次数显著低于对自然种群的追逐次数。在自然光下，雌雄蝶翅颜色和图案相近，除了雄蝶后翅腹面多一白色性标斑点外，其他无显著区别；在紫外光下，蝶翅模型的颜色和图案比自然蝶翅更为明显，可能有助于异性识别。【结论】金斑蝶成虫在觅食和求偶过程中，视觉嗅觉同等重要。颜色较稳定、醒目、容易被发现；气味不稳定、易挥发、受环境干扰较大。在觅食中，金斑蝶利用视觉先进行初步定位，通过嗅觉和味觉确认食物资源；在求偶中，金斑蝶成虫通过视觉初步区分异性，然后依靠嗅觉进行精确识别。

Visual and olfactory responses ofDanaus chrysippus(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) duringforaging and courtship

【Aim】 To elucidate the mechanism of visual and olfactory informationutilization in the foraging and courtship ofDanaus chrysippus. 【Methods】 Throughbehavioral observations, we tested the foraging response ofD. chrysippusto sevendifferent colors of artificial flowers and artificial flowers sprayed with 10% honey water,and verified the behavioral responses ofD. chrysippusto color and odor by naturalpopulation courtship and plastic model visiting experiments. 【Results】 The total visitingfrequency of D. chrysippusadults to seven odorless artificial flowers was 138.D.chrysippusadults showed an obvious color tendency to long-wavelength red (620-750 nm)(accounting for 52.17% of the total visiting frequency), followed by to blue and orange(accounting for 15.22% and 11.59% of the total visiting frequency, respectively), and theproportion of visiting the other four colors was less. After spraying 10% honey water onthe artificial flowers, the total visiting frequency ofD. chrysippusadults increased by3.05 times, and the visiting frequencies of female and male adults increased by 3.31 and 2.86 times, respectively. Hardly adultD. chrysippusvisited on corolla odorless flowerbranches. However, after spraying 10% honey water on corolla flowers, the total visitingfrequency of adultD. chrysippusincreased by 146 times. There was no significantdifference in the visiting frequency ofD. chrysippusadults to single color and singleodor. The total visiting frequency of adultD. chrysippusto odor plus color increased by 2.88 times, and the visiting frequencies of female and male adults increased by 2.95 and 2.83 times, respectively, as compared to those to single odor. The sensitivity of males tocolor and odor was higher than that of females. In the courtship process, both the naturalpopulation and the butterfly wing model had four mating patterns of male chasing male, malechasing female, female chasing female, and female chasing male, but the frequency ofchasing odorless butterfly wing model was significantly lower than that of chasing thenatural population. Under natural light, the color and pattern of wings of male and femalebutterflies were similar, and showed no obvious difference except one white sex mark on theventral side of rear wing of male butterflies. Under ultraviolet light, the color andpattern of butterfly wing models were more obvious than those of natural wings, which mayhelp the opposite sex recognition. 【Conclusion】 Visual and olfactory are equallyimportant during the foraging and courtship ofD. chrysippusadults. The color is stable,eye-catching and easy to be found, while the smell is unstable, volatile and greatlydisturbed by the environment. Vision is used to conduct initial localization, and smell andtaste are used to identify food resources during the foraging ofD. chrysippus. In thecourtship process,D. chrysippusadults initially distinguish the opposite sex throughvision, and then rely on olfactory for precise identification.