Two-phase turbulence models for simulating dense gas-particle flows

The two-fluid model is widely adopted in simulations of dense gas-particle flows in engineering facilities.Present two-phase turbulence models for two-fluid modeling are isotropic.However,turbulence in actual gas-particle flows is not isotropic.Moreover,in these models the two-phase velocity correlation is closed using dimensional analysis,leading to discrepancies between the numerical results,theoretical analysis and experiments.To rectify this problem,some two-phase turbulence models were proposed by the authors and are applied to simulate dense gas-particle flows in downers,risers,and horizontal channels;Experimental results validate the simulation results.Among these models the USM-(?) and the two-scale USM models are shown to give a better account of both anisotropic particle turbulence and particle-particle collision using the transport equation model for the two-phase velocity correlation.