区域视角下云南腾冲村落景观特征及演变研究

借助GIS空间技术手段，运用景观因子的定性分析和量化的系统聚类分析相结合，以云南省腾冲市传统村落为例，通过分层级方式探讨区域视角下村落景观特征及其演变的研究方法。结果表明：（1）村落景观特征可从全境尺度和聚落尺度两个层级入手，不同层级具有不同景观构成要素、形态与特征；（2）腾冲区域村落景观可划分为6个一级景观单元和13个二级景观单元；（3）腾冲村落景观存在区域相似性和渐变性，核心区与边缘区、坝区与山区存在明显差异性；（4）现有村落景观格局受到地理环境与交通线路、边疆治理与移民宽乡、民族迁徙与文化涵化、宗族社会与宗教民俗等共同作用。同时，为腾冲区域传统村落的整体连片保护提供研究支撑和建议。

Village Landscape Characteristics and Evolution of Tengchong in Yunnan from the Regional Perspective

In recent years, protection of traditional villages has become a social imperative. China has been launching joint protection and reuse projects for traditional villages since 2020. In this study, the village landscapes in Tengchong City of Yunnan Province were investigated and described in detail based on 86 national-level traditional villages through group study and independent study. The zoning, characteristics, and evolution of village landscapes were discussed from the regional perspective by using ArcGIS technology based on a combination of quantitative analysis of landscape factors and quantitative analysis of systematic clustering. Results demonstrated that: (1) Village landscape features in Tengchong can be recognized and classified from the whole territory and settlement. Meanwhile, composition, forms, and spatial distribution of village landscapes under different scales are acquired. (2) Village landscapes in Tengchong can be divided into level-1 landscape units (6) and level-2 landscape units (13) through clustering analysis of the village landscape index and ArcGIS visualization. (3) The regional characteristics of village landscapes in Tengchong not only show overall similarity, but also demonstrate bidirectional gradual variation laws between the core and edge as well as between the dam area and mountainous area. The core culture of regions radiates to surrounding areas through natural corridors (e.g., valley and rivers) and artificial channels (e.g., business paths and courier routes). Subsequently, the dominant mode of village landscapes change gradually. In the small landscape units formed by dams and mountains, cultures in the dam area and mountainous areas mutually expand along the vertical space. Influences of culture in the dam area decrease with increases in elevation, while influences of culture in the mountainous area decrease with decreases in elevation. (4) Tengchong Basin is the core of the regional village landscape. Villages in the Tengchong Basin have strict spatial layout, regular architectural structure, and complicated building decorations. There are obvious dominant cultural characteristics in the region. On the contrary, villages far from the cores, nodes, or major corridors are mainly influenced by the natural environment and cultures of indigenous peoples. These village landscapes are more diversified and flexible. (5) Village landscape evolution in Tengchong is influenced by many factors such as the natural geological environment, transport lines, government immigration policies, local and foreign acculturation, lineage culture, and religious customs. Specifically, the basement and expanding routes of regional village landscapes are formed by the south-north axial inter-mountain dam environment as well as courier routes that connect the provinces and foreign countries in Tengchong. Due to border policies during the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, there are many military immigrants who radically occupy politics, military management, and economic trade in Tengchong. Immigrants of Han nationality collide, communicate, and integrate with the indigenous peoples. As a result, the ethnic society, religious beliefs, and regional culture not only maintain Han traditions, but also adapt to the local landscape and cultural environment. Han culture integrates with the cultures of indigenous peoples and foreign cultures to create open and inclusive village landscape characteristics in Tengchong. As a result, feature recognition, zoning, and evolutionary study of hierarchical village landscapes in Tengchong can not only guide comparative studies and development evaluations of regional village landscapes in the future, but can also provide support and suggestions for the overall protection of regional traditional villages.