A comprehensive review on power-to-gas with hydrogen options for cleaner applications

This review presents the power-to-gas concept, particularly with hydrogen, from renewable energy sources to end-use applications in various sectors, ranging from transportation to natural gas distribution networks. The paper includes an overview of the leading related studies for comparative evaluation. Due to the intermittent/fluctuating phenomena of most renewables, power-to-hydrogen appears to be a promising option to offset any mismatch between demand and supply. It is a novel concept to increase the renewability of fuels and reach a sustainable energy system for future transportation, power and thermal process sectors. Comparisons of different hydrogen production methods fed by several energy sources are made regarding environmental impact, cost and efficiency. The present results show that hydrogen production (with power-to-hydrogen concept) via polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser has lower environmental effects than other traditional methods, such as coal gasification and reforming and steam methane reforming. The geothermal energy-based system has the lowest levelized cost of electricity during hydrogen production, while natural gas has the highest value. The best option for the plant efficiency is found for high-temperature steam electrolysis fed from biogas, while the lowest efficiency value belongs to polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser driven by solar photovoltaics, respectively.