从唯名论和唯实论的斗争到物质概念的一般与个别视域反思

一般与个别的关系是贯穿西方哲学的主线之一,从中世纪唯名论与唯实论的斗争,历经近代哲学经验论和唯理论的对立、康德哲学对二者的调和直至马克思主义的物质概念无不贯穿一般与个别这条主线。唯名论与唯实论的斗争是西方中古哲学的焦点,斗争的核心是理性和信仰的矛盾,在斗争中,哲学冲破基督教的束缚进入到近代西方哲学阶段。经验论和唯理论的斗争是近代西方哲学的主题,它们主要围绕知识的可靠性展开争论,与理性与信仰的矛盾一脉相承,理性最终导致近代自然科学的大爆发,引发了关于知识确定性的思考;而信仰的形式在知识确定性思考的课题下转化为先验论。康德调和了经验论和唯理论的矛盾,他接过经验论的怀疑论者休谟的问题,通过先天综合判断建立了他的先验哲学;而黑格尔批判康德哲学的二元化倾向,建立了辩证思维体系,他的哲学被马克思发展,创立了马克思主义哲学。马克思的物质概念,实际上是唯名论、经验论的思维方式在唯物唯心二元对立哲学问题上的反映。

The General and the Individual Perspective Reflection about the Struggle of Nominalism and Realism to the Concept of Matter

The relationship of general and individual is one of the main line throughout Western philoso- phy, from the struggle of nominalism and realism in Middle Ages to the opposition of empiricism and ra- tionalism in the modem philosophy and the Kant＇s reconciling to them and the Marxism＇s matter concept are ran through all by the main line of general and individual. The struggle of nominalism and realism is the focus of the Western medieval philosophy, the core of the struggle is the contradiction between reason and faith, in the struggle, philosophy breaks through the shackles of Christianity into the modern Western philosophical stage. The struggle of empiricism and rationalism is the theme of modern Western philoso- phy, they mainly focus on the reliability of the knowledge to debate, the same strain with the conflict be-tween reason and faith, reason led to the outbreak of the modern science and eventually led to thinking a- bout knowledge certainty; and the form of beliefs transforms into the transcendentalism in the thinking a- bout knowledge certainty. Kant reconciled the contradictions of empiricism and rationalism, he took the empirics skeptic Hume＇s question, established his transcendental philosophy by priori synthetic judg- ment ; Hegelian critiqued the dualistic tendency of Kant＇s philosophy and established system of dialectical thinking, and Marx developed his philosophy and founded the philosophy of Marxism. Marxism＇s matter concept, in fact, is the reflection of the thinking way of nominalism and empiricism on the dualistic philo-sophical question about materialism and idealism.