Fe3O4-carbon spheres core–shell supported palladium nanoparticles: A robust and recyclable catalyst for suzuki coupling reaction

Suzuki-Miyaura (S-M) is regarded the most powerful way for synthesis biaryls, triaryls, or incorporating of substituted aryl moieties in organic preparation by the cross-coupling of aryl boronic acid with aryl halides using the Pd catalyst. This work reports the combining of the hydrothermal and microwave-assisted protocol to convert the glucose to magnetic carbon spheres (Fe₃O₄-CSPs) decorated with Pd nanoparticles (NPs) as the catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The physicochemical properties in the produced composite were examined using FESEM, HRTEM, nitrogen isotherms, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, XPS, and XRD. The as-fabricated composite Pd/Fe₃O₄-CSPs is mostly spherical with a core–shell structure and possesses a great surface area of 253.2 m²·g^-1. Its catalytic performance demonstrates that the composite has excellent stability and high tolerance Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in 30 min at 80 ℃. Both activated and deactivated aryl halides provided excellent yield. The as-fabricated catalyst was recycled for up to four catalytic cycles without a substantial decline in performance. Moreover, this research offers a facile roadmap for synthesizing Pd/Fe₃O₄-CSPs composites and promoting the practical implementation of Pd/Fe₃O₄-CSPs catalysts for organic transformation processes.