Patch testing with budesonide in serial dilutions: the significance of dose, occlusion time and reading time |
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Authors: | M Isaksson M Bruze A Goossens JP Lepoittevin |
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Affiliation: | Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812 Japan. |
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Abstract: | Dipeptide transporters in small intestine have a very wide substrate specificity, so that the transporter sometimes serves as a carrier for peptide-like compounds. We have synthesized dipeptide analogues conjugated at an epsilon-amino group of Lys in Val-Lys or Lys-Sar with fluorescent compounds such as fluorescein isothiocyanate and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid. Uptakes of these peptide analogues were examined by measuring intracellular accumulations into monolayers of the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 expressing the dipeptide transporter PEPT1. Kinetic analysis and effects of addition either of uncoupler (protonophore) or by Gly-Sar, one of the good substrates of PEPT1, revealed that fluorescent dipeptides were taken up by passive diffusion. In contrast, these analogues remarkably inhibited the Gly-Sar uptake by Caco-2 cells. Among the fluorescent analogues synthesized in this paper, Val-Lys(Flu) was the most potent competitive inhibitor against the Gly-Sar uptake with an inhibition constant of 5 microM. This value is the smallest among those ever reported: Val-Lys(Flu) has the highest affinity for PEPT1 among chemicals ever reported. The importance of the hydrophobic part of the substrate was pointed out. |
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